268 Management of Dairy Cattle. 



ascertained the whole quantity of milk (including the ci'eam) to 

 compare it with that of the butter obtained. This 1 consider a 

 jnore accurate method than measuring the new milk, as there is a 

 considerable escape of gas, and consequent subsidence, whilst it 

 is cooling. The results have varied from 24 to 27^ oz. from 16 

 quarts of milk. I therefore assume in my calculation 16 quarts 

 of milk as yielding a roll (25 ounces) of butter. 



As I have at times a considerable number of cows bought as 

 strippers, and fattened as they are milked, which remain some- 

 times in my stalls eight or nine months, and yield towards the 

 close but five quarts per day, I am not enabled to state with accu- 

 racy and from ascertained data the average yield per year of my 

 cows kept for dairy purposes solely. However, from what occurs 

 at grass-time, when the yield is not increased, and also from the 

 effects of my treatment on cows which I buy, giving a small 

 quantity, I am fully persuaded that my treatment induces a good 

 yield of milk. 



As the yield of butter from a given quantity of cream is not 

 of such particular consequence, I have not given equal attention 

 to ascertain their relative proportions. I have a recollection of 

 having tested this on a former occasion, when I found 14 to 

 16 oz. per quart, but cannot call to mind under what treatment 

 this took place. 



On questioning my dairy woman, in December, 1854, as to the 

 proportion of cream and butter, she reported nearly one roll of 25 

 oz. of butter to one quart of cream. I looked upon this as a 

 mistake. On its accuracy being persisted in, the next churning 

 was carefully observed, with a like proportion. My dairy cows 

 averaged then a low range of milk as to quantity — about eight 

 quarts each per day. Six of them, in a forward state of fatness, 

 were intended to be dried for finishing off in January ; but, owing 

 to the scarcity and consequent dearness of calving cows, I kept 

 them on in milk till I could purcliase cows to replace them, and 

 it was not till February that I had an opportunity of doing so. I 

 then bought four cows within a few days of calving : they were 

 but in inferior condition, and yielded largely of milk. Towards 

 the close of February and March, four of my own dairy cows, in 

 full condition, likewise calved. During March, three of the six 

 which had continued from December, and were milked nearly up to 

 the day of sale, were selected by the butcher as fit for his purpose. 

 Each churning throughout was carefully observed, with a similar 

 result, varying but little from 25 oz. of butter per quart of cream ; 

 on Monday, April 30, 16 quarts of cream having yielded 16 rolls 

 (of 25 oz. each) of butter. Though I use artificial means of 

 raising the temperature of my dairy, by the application of hot 

 water during cold weather, yet, my service-pipes being frozen in 



