February. '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 53 



various kinds, not only b,y species that defoliate trees, but those 

 that work in the tnnik and by insects that devour the seeds. I have 

 been trying to persuade our forestry school at the University of Ne- 

 braska that the study of insects, • in their relation to forestry, was 

 one of the most important features they had at the school. I can 

 agree with Dr. Hopkins that the insects are far more important in 

 destroying our forests than fires. 



I have made observations also in relation to the wiping out of 

 Dendroctonus in various parts of the Rocky Mountain region. One 

 instance in mind is an estate of pretty nearly 100,000 acres in the 

 southern part of Colorado, where the cleaning out of about eighteen 

 hundred trees according to the directions of Dr. Hopkins prevented 

 the spread of Dendroctonus on the estate. I visited the estate two 

 successive years, and found that the insect, while not exterminated, 

 had been so thoroughly cleaned out, that the birds were able to take 

 care of the remainder. I found four trees in a portion of the estate 

 that were not taken out at the time the general clean-up was made. 

 The birds had found those trees and cleaned them to such an extent 

 that it was almost impossible to find specimens for the cabinet. 



A Member: Mr. President, I .would like to ask Dr. Hopkins 

 whether our forest insects are confined more to the evergreens than 

 to the hard wood growth. 



Mr. Hopkins : The damage is far more conspicuous in the coni- 

 fers, but I believe, in taking the average, that the hard woods will 

 show an equal, if not a greater, loss. Chestnut timber, especially 

 throughout the eastern United States, is damaged from twenty-five 

 to fifty per cent, in the aggregate. ^Matured oaks, red and white, are 

 injured by timber worms and their value greatly reduced. Nearly 

 all the hard woods suffer more or less, and the product is reduced 

 in value by work that is not conspicuous; but in the conifers, where 

 Dendroctonus beetles attack the trees, it is conspicuous. 



:Mr. Cooley: Mr. President, I would like to add that a large per 

 cent of the seeds of forest trees are destroyed annually in ^Montana 

 by an insect resembling the larva of the codling moth. In some cases 

 over ninety per cent are destroyed. I have had this matter under 

 observation for several years. 



]Mr. Hopkins: I am very glad to learn that you are studying 

 that insect. It is specially destructive to the seeds of Fiiius ponde- 

 rosa. I do not know that the species has been positively identified. 



President Forbes: The next paper will be ''Notes on Empoasca 

 mali LeB.," by ]\Ir. F. L. Washburn. 



