February, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 71 



roborate this statement. It is impossible to believe that the codling 

 moth in the East departs entirely from this habit. The number of 

 larvsB taking their first meal in the lower cavity is probably much 

 less than 97%, but from the large number of dead larvae found be- 

 neath the stamens on sprayed fruit, their diminutive size showing that 

 death occurred during the first instar, it is evident that spraying must 

 be so done as to protect the lowermost cup. We have observed as 

 many as a dozen dead larva? of the first instar below the stamens of a 

 single apple. The tree from which this fruit came was next to a 

 packing shed where 2,000 boxes of wormy fruit had been culled and 

 dumped, yet that tree, as well as all those near by, was kept 99.9% 

 clean. It is safe to say that such protection could not have been 

 given if the lower cavity had not been reached by the spray. In pre- 

 vious years these trees had been losing three fourths of their crop, 

 though heavily Yermorel-sprayed Avith concentrated arsenate of lead. 

 That the larva should be directed to the lower cavity is not strange, 

 for even in our ignorance of the tropisms of the codling moth, we 

 must appreciate that the nectaries are located here, that the epidermis 

 beneath the stamens is much thinner than in the outer cavity, where in 

 the mature fruit it becomes even woody, and that a hiding larva will 

 seek the end of a retreat. Certainly the odor at the calj^ end is more 

 intensive, even to our perceptions, than that emanating from the other 

 parts of the apple. 



6. "I am informed that of the proper time for the first spraying 

 there is very little rain at Wenatchee to wash off the poison. It is. of 

 course, useless to spray during a rain. A prolonged rainy spell at the 

 first spraying is a serious matter, for it interferes with the timely 

 application of the poison." 



Mr. H. E. Bacon has at Evergreen an orchard of thirty-six acres, 

 Avith about as many varieties. In 1907 this place was sprayed six 

 times with Vermorel nozzles and lost 40% of its crop. This year it 

 was sprayed once under our direction. During a part of the time it 

 rained, yet that had no appreciable effect and the entire orchard 

 yielded over 99% of worm-free fruit. 



Almost every year it has rained before the first spraying was com- 

 pleted, in some cases accompanied by a driving wind storm. Never- 

 theless our spraying has not been interrupted. That there has been 

 no need of waiting for more pleasant weather is apparent at picking 

 time from the results as perfect from the plots sprayed during the rain 

 as elsewhere. In these cases, which have been carefully watched, 

 almost the entire protection to the flow^er was the poison forced be- 



