February, "09] .TOUUNAL of ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 73 



hesitates to advise them to maTxe it any coarser. They n-ill not huy 

 more than one nozzle for all their sprayings and to speak of making 

 that a little coarse ivould he almost heresy in our state, since they 

 would use this coarse nozzle for all purposes and it ivould eat up more 

 liquid and would discourage some of them from spraying at all. It 

 does not take much to discourage them anyway during the last two or 

 three years.'' 



A coarse nozzle does not mean a drilled-out Vermorel. It must 

 be of the Bordeaux type, where the force of the liquid is not spent on 

 leaving the orifice. Such a nozzle is not wasteful, but effective. It 

 is the type used almost exclusively in this region, and it is used for 

 all kinds of spraying. It does not miss the object aimed at, like the 

 Vermorel. but shoots a penetrating, effective sheet of spray, filling all 

 the blossoms in its path to a distance of eight or ten feet from the 

 nozzle. Moreover, since the main cost of spraying is labor, a nozzle 

 that throws nearly three gallons per minute is more economical than 

 a battery of Vermorels distributing one half as much spray. A single 

 Bordeaux nozzle is all that a hand-pump can maintain at above 150 

 pounds pressure. A power sprayer can supply four. 



10. ''The one point tliat I take such exception to is the weak spi'ay 

 of one pound of arsenate of lead to fifty gallons of water. In all 

 my experiments I find that less than two and one-half pounds to fifty 

 gallons will not suffice to kill all the worms." 



"While we use and recommend one pound of the arsenical to every 

 fifty gallons, a block of trees sprayed one pound to eighty gallons 

 yielded us 99.92% of worm-free fruit. These same trees were over 

 50% wormy the year before when given Vermorel sprayings of three 

 pounds to fifty gallons. It is not the formula that is important, but 

 the method of application. 



11. "Fruit trees are heing poisoned and killed by excessive use of 

 poisons. The heavy drenching of trees is therefore a dangerous pro- 

 cediire." 



The enigmatical disease occurs in "Washington, but is prevalent in 

 neglected, little-sprayed orchards as well as in those over-sprayed. 

 But. granting the danger of arsenical poisoning, it is but another 

 point in favor of the single spray. "Drenching the trees" is not a 

 happy description of the western method of spraying. Each blos- 

 som is filled or drenched, but the driving spray can be so accurately 

 apportioned that there need be little drip from the tree. To be cer- 

 tain of thoroughness most growers overspray and thus drench the 



