74 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 



trees, so that the ground beneath may be damp. In general one gal- 

 lon of spray suffices for about two bushels of expected fruit. The 

 amount of spray that each blossom can hold is limited, so that with 

 a little watchfulness there need be no waste of spray material. An- 

 other point ilot to be neglected is that our spray contains one pound 

 of arsenate of lead to fifty to eighty gallons, which is about one third 

 the strength usually used. While Ave may apply more gallons per 

 tree, the total amount of arsenic used is less than when the concen- 

 trated misty spray is employed. 



12. "Are not the good western results due more to tlioroughness 

 than to the 200 pounds of pressure which is supposed to he necessary 

 to drive the spray into the lower calyx cavity?" 



A high pressure is first of all conducive to thoroughness. There 

 is little chance of missing blossoms with a broad sweeping stream. 

 In the case of the badly infested Breese-Johnson orchard at Wen- 

 atchee, six acres were sprayed at 240 pounds pressure, and two acres 

 at 140 pounds. The six acres lost but one third of one per cent ; the 

 portion sprayed at low pressure lost 3%. At 200 pounds pressure 

 practically twice as much spray leaves the nozzle as at 100 pounds. 

 The spraying consumes but one half the time. With western labor at 

 $2.50 per day, and the period of spraying limited to the closing of 

 the sepals, the time element in spraying is an important factor. A 

 coarse spray at 80 or 100 pounds can force the stamens and fill the 

 lower cup, but its effective range is limited and therefore every l)ranch 

 must receive individual attention. A moment's comparison in the 

 field between the western and eastern methods of applying spray has 

 instantly converted every fruit grower to the high efficiency spray. 

 No adequate idea of the effectiveness and rapidity of a downward di- 

 rected, pressure-driven Bordeaux spraying can be formed by guessing 

 in the office or laboratory. 



Washington fruit growers have not been slow to appreciate the 

 economy of power spraying. In 1908 over one hundred fifty high 

 pressure gasoline power outfits were sold in Eastern Washington 

 alone, probably four times as many as were sold in any one state in 

 the Middle West. And yet the ten states between Nebraska. Arkansas 

 and Ohio contain more than one half of all the apple trees grown in 

 the United States, while Eastern Washington has but 1%. In com- 

 menting on this fact. Editor J. IM. Irvine of the Fruit Grower asks: 

 **Is it not likely that this is one reason why our northwestern friends 

 are able to guarantee absolutely every apple in the box, while most of 

 the growers of the IMiddle West are clamoring for a 'straight pack,' 



