138 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 



killed by eating the poison in the lower calyx cup, because dead 

 larvae were frequently found in the lower cavity and never in the 

 upper cavity.^° 



Is there any reason why a larva may not have eaten the poison in the 

 upper calyx cavity or when eating through a sepal into the lower calyx 

 cavity, and then died in the lower cavity? Because poison is placed 

 in the lower cavity and dead worms are found there is but circumstan- 

 tial evidence that the larvee are killed there. If so, how do we se- 

 cure equally good results in New England, where it is impossible to 

 spray into the lower calyx cavity ? In his later paper Ball describes ex- 

 periments made in 1905 (?. c, p. 57, 59) in which plots were sprayed 

 wath the first, second and third spraying separately and in combina- 

 tion. "The first spraying was applied just after the blossoms fell,, 

 the second ten days later, and the third fifteen days after that." 

 With the second spraying only 76% of the first brood of larvse were 

 killed and 31% of the second brood; and with the first spraying only 

 83% of the first brood and 39% of the second brood. In other words 

 the second spraying alone was about 7% less efficient than the first. 

 Later (I. c, p. 70) -he states that about ten days after the blossoms fall 

 the stamens have shrivelled and that then is the best time to spray. 

 (See I. c, fig. 4.) The plots given the second spraying only were 

 sprayed just ten days after the blossoms fell and, therefore, just at 

 the best time, but they show 7% less benefit than those sprayed just 

 after the blossoms fell. This difference is even more striking in his 

 results in 1906 {I. c, p. 66), when the second spray gave but 64% 

 killed in the first brood and 38% in the second brood, Avhile the first 

 spraying alone gave 84% and 57%. Strange enough, however, the 

 first and second together were poorer than the first alone, killing but 

 72% of the first and 57% of the second broods. There may have been 

 some circumstances concerning these experiments not described by the 

 writer, but the data submitted hardly seems to demonstrate the neces- 

 sity of reaching the lower calyx cavity. 



More recently Melander^^ has made the statement : ' ' We have shown 

 that the first spraying can be so thoroughly applied that other spray- 

 ings are hardly necessary." Just how this was "shown" we are un- 

 able to determine, as every plot described in the bulletin had from two 

 to four sprayings. Nor do we find described any direct comparisons 

 to show the difference in the same orchard between trees sprayed 

 wdtli the "old-fashioned" and "up-to-date" methods. On the other 



"Bulletin 67, Biareau of Entomology, p. 73. 

 "Bulletin 86. Wash. Agr. Exp. Sta., p. 15. 



