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JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 



[Vol. 2 



1st to 17th day — Pupa pure white, except compound eyes. 

 18th day — Turned to a light creamy yellow. 

 19th day — Became a light brown. 

 20th day — The brown color deepened. 

 21st day — Reached teneral stage. 



In some colonies there is more or less of an indistinct sorting of 

 the immature stages, pupae being placed in one portion of the nest and 

 larvffi in another. This tendency is not perceptible in many colonies 

 and is usually most noticeable in very large colonies. 



The duration of the pupal stage has been determined in the manner 

 already described for the incubation and larval periods. The range 

 of pupal development is shown in the following table: 



TABLE III 

 Duration of Pupal State, Individual Workers, 1908 



The Callow or Teneral Stage 



During the last few hours of the pupal stage the legs, mouth-parts 

 and antennce become more prominent and the pupa is assisted in its 

 transformation by the workers, who attempt to straighten out the legs 

 and antenn[e. We are convinced that there is a very thin transpar- 

 ent membrane or skin surrounding the pupa, which is shed at time of 

 transformation but its existence is difficult to establish satisfactorily. 



