April, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 189 



Immediately after transformation the young worker is colorless, 

 almost transparent, but is otherwise identical in appearance with fully 

 matured workers. To this stage, following the custom of some au- 

 thors, we apply the term ' ' callow. ' ' The callow is at first very clumsy 

 and walks with uncertain steps and staggering gait, reminding one 

 much of a worker bee just emerged from the brood comb. During 

 this stage the workers seem still to feel a responsibility for the cal- 

 low's welfare, for upon the colony being disturbed the callows, like 

 larvae and pupae, are unceremoniously grabbed up by the workers and 

 hustled to a place of safety. 



The body of the callow deepens in color quite rapidly and in from 

 48 to 72 hours after transformation from the pupa becomes indis- 

 tinguishable from other adult workers. 



Time Required for Complete Development 



By adding together the minimum periods required for the develop- 

 ment of eggs, larvffi and pupas, as given in Tables I, II and III, we 

 find that at least 41 days are required for development from egg to 

 adult and in a similar manner addition of the maximum periods gives 

 141 days as the maximum time required. 



From the tables also it is seen that the average period of incubation 

 for the eggs is 32 days, for development of the larvae 31 days and for 

 maturing and transformation of pupa to adult 15 days. By adding 

 together these averages we arrive at 78 days as the average period of 

 development. This of course cannot be termed the time required for 

 the development of a generation, since workers do not reproduce and 

 the term '' generation " can be used only in referring to the succession 

 of queens. 



The Male 



The appearance of the adult male is well illustrated in figure 4, a. 

 The males average about 2.8 to 3 mm. in length. The most noticeable 

 feature about them is the manner in which the thorax is enormously 

 developed. The abdomen is relatively small and the head short and 

 blunt. The shape of the head alone permits distinction between the 

 male and virgin (winged) queen without the aid of a glass. 



The normal time of appearance of the males in the colonies is in 

 spring, but the appearance of a relatively small number in autumn is 

 not uncommon. During mid-winter and mid-summer none are found. 

 The males have been bred in the artificial formicaries in large num- 

 bers, hence abundant opportunity has been afforded to study their ap- 

 pearance and habits. The following account of their appearance in 



