October, '09] JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 367 



greater efficiency at 100 to 120 pounds pressure than the mist spray ; 

 late spraying applied so that the foliage is covered when the first 

 eggs hatch destroys the first brood of larvae very effectively, although 

 not as well as the spray directed into the calyx. 



These studies, particularly the first, show a marked advance in ex- 

 actness of method in the study of the life history and the care with 

 which spraying experiments have been arranged and form a most im- 

 portant addition to our knowledge of the subject. With the data 

 which has been recently presented from various parts of the country 

 a complete monograph of the life history and the means of control of 

 the codling moth may now be prepared for the country as a whole 

 and careful comparison and study will reveal not only most interest- 

 ing differences in life history due to different climatic conditions, 

 which will have a practical bearing upon means of control, but will 

 also undoubtedly furnish a most interesting biological studj^ in con- 

 nection with the effect of climate on the number of generations, hiber- 

 nation, etc. 



The Codling Moth in the Ozarks, by E. L. Jenne, U. S. Dept. 

 Agric, Bur. Ent. Bull. 80, Part I, p. 32, figs. 8 (June 26, 1909). 



Mr. Jeuue gives a report of the life history studies commenced in 1907 at 

 Siloam Springs, Benton County, Arkansas. The account of the life history 

 given is the most complete and satisfactory study of the life history of the 

 codling moth for a given locality which we have seen. The arrangement is ad- 

 mirable, the data is well presented and full and when compared with that of 

 previous years shows the seasonal variation in the life history. The spring 

 pupae occur from March 1 to June 1, the length of the pupal stage decreas- 

 ing with the advance of the season, and the moths emerge from March 31 to 

 June 8, the maximum emergence being on May 12, about a month after the 

 apple blossoms dropped. The life of a moth averaged about ten days and the 

 eggs were laid three to five days after emergence. The first brood of eggs 

 commenced on April 7, were abundant by April 27, and the last were laid 

 May 27. Practically all the eggs were laid on the leaves. Eggs laid on April 

 19 hatched in 19.6 days; those laid May 10 hatched in 7.5 days. The first 

 larvifi were found -April 27, three weeks after the apple petals fell. In 1907 

 they were found on May 18, or six weeks after the petals fell. The major- 

 ity of the larvae entered the fruit during May, this being due to the con- 

 centration of the first brood due to the shorter period of pupae and eggs as 

 the season advanced. 



The first cocoons of the first new brood of pupic were observed May 27 and 

 the last on July 15. In 1907 the first cocoon was observed on June 12 and in 

 1906 on June 5. The average life of the first brood of larvae in the fruit was 

 23.8 days. 7.2 days elapsed between the time the larvae leave the fruit and 

 their pupation. Thus the first brood of pupae overlap the spring brood twelve 

 days. An average of 10.7 days is passed by the first brood of pupie. It should 

 be noted that Mr. Jenne uses the term "brood" in speaking of any single stage 

 of the insect and the word "generation" to include all stages of the life cycle. 



