368 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 2 



The first larvae, pup.e and moths in the spring are termed the spring brood 

 and generation respectively and the first generation connuences with the eggs 

 laid by the spring moths. This nomenclature is somewhat different from that 

 which has usually been used in discussing the life history of the codling moth 

 and may tend to confusion, but is here followed. The first moth of the first 

 brood emerged June 8, whereas in 1907 it emerged on June 25, and in 1906 

 on June 19. The moths of this generation lived 6.2 days. 



Summing up, the life of the first generation from the time of oviposition 

 to the emergence of the moths required an average of 54 days. The second 

 brood of larvas began to leave the fruit July 15 and the last of them left the 

 fruit early in September. The average time in the fruit was 24.6 days, while 

 in 1907 it was but 18.1 days, though the conditions were somewhat different. 

 After leaving the fruit 11.8 days passed before the larvee pupated. Very few 

 larvae pupated after August 20. The pupal stage averaged 10.5 days and the 

 time in the cocoon 20.4 days. The second brood of moths commenced to 

 emerge July 25, were abundant in August and diminished through September. 

 The life cycle of the second generation thus required an average of 49.5 days, 

 which, with 5 days before oviposition, makes a total of 54.5 days, as against 

 49 days in 1907. The first eggs of the third brood were laid August 5 and 

 the last October 16 from a moth emerging October 1. All eggs laid before 

 August 28 hatched in 5 days. In September the length of the egg stage 

 lengthened to the maximum time for those in the spring. The first larvae 

 of the third brood occurred August 14 and began to leave the fruit September 

 2, having been 24 days in the fruit. All of these hibernated. 



A few larvae failed to pupate early in the season, but of the first brood 

 there were three and of the second brood four larvse which hibernated without 

 pupating. In 1907 out of 41 larvae 5 of the second brood failed to pupate. 

 In 1908 the majority did not pupate after August 20 and all hibernated after 

 September first. 



There can be no question as to the correctness of there being three broods 

 for three generations w^ere reared from four eggs laid May 4. The band rec- 

 ords showed that there were five times as many larvae of the second brood as 

 of the first brood, but that the third brood was hardly larger than the first, 

 due to the early harvesting of the < rnp. This is an important factor in the 

 control of the codling moth in southern localities or where early fruit is 

 grown, the importance of which has not been usually noted and was evidenced 

 by the rather small percentage of infestation, but 50% of Winesap apples 

 and 60% of Ben Davis being infested on unsprayed trees. 



Life History of the Codling Moth in Virginia, by J. E. Buck, 

 Va. Agr. Exp't Station Eept. for 1908, p. 54-89; fig. 33-53. 



The life history has not been so carefully studied by Mr. Buck in Virginia, 

 but the report gives very valuable data and undoubtedly presents the most im- 

 portant data concerning the life history from a practical standpoint. Further 

 life history studies with a larger amount of material carried on at the different 

 latitudes in Virginia would make a most valuable addition. 



The effect of birds in the destruction of winter larvae was studied and it was 

 estimated that 85% were destroyed by them. The spring pupae were found 

 March 28 and most of the larvae had pupated by April 28. The earlier pupae 

 required about 30 days. The first moth emerged April 26 and the last June 



