INVERTEBRATA, CRYPTOGAMIA, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 1021 



always appear at tliese small protuberances, and nowhere else. Most 

 commonly they have at first the form of a small spherule ; and not 

 till one of them has attained one-half its full size does the second 

 appear at the opposite end; much less frequently the two appear 

 simultaneously at opposite ends of the mother-cell. Reess did not 

 succeed in inducing this ferment to produce spores. Engel was more 

 fortunate, and discovered that the mode of fructification was very 

 different from that of Saccharomyces, closely resembling that of Pro- 

 tomyces. 



Engel gives the following diagnosis: — Carpozyma n. gen. — Vege- 

 tative cells isolated, producing buds at their poles, which soon become 

 detached ; theca spherical, clothed with a perithecium, and hibernating ; 

 spores numerous, developing very slowly. Solitary species, C. apicu- 

 latum Engel. — Vegetative cells ellipsoidal, terminated at their poles 

 by two projecting mamillfe, which give them a resemblance to a 

 citron. 



Lichenes. 



Morphology of Lichens : Endophlceal Species of Polyblastia ; 

 Epiphora ; Magmopsis.*— A. Minks is carrying out a series of minute 

 morphological observations to assist in determining the yet unsettled 

 points in the structure of lichens. 



1. In his monograph of the Scandinavian Polyblastice, T. Fries 

 separates from the genus on the one hand P. discrepans Lehm. and 

 Verrucaria suhdiscrepans Nyl., from the want of one layer, and from 

 their parasitic habits on other crustaceous lichens, and unites them 

 with the Endococci among the Pyrenomycetes ; on the other hand, 

 the bark-dwellers P. lactea Mass., P. sericea Mass., P. fallaciosa 

 Stizb., and Verrucaria suhccerulescens Nyl., from the want of one layer 

 and of the gonidia. Minks asserts the Litter to be true lichens, as 

 shown by the presence of microgonidia in the paraphyses, asci, and 

 spores, and has subjected the structure again to careful examination. 



The hyjihema of crustaceous lichens is the forerunner of the 

 hyplue in their various forms, and the matrix of the hypha? which 

 envelope the already formed groups of gonidia. The species of Poly- 

 blastia already named possess, in addition to the gonangia as a form 

 of acroblastesis, a mesoblastesis as respects the formation of gonidema 

 or gonothallium. This form of racsoblastesis occurs in the midst of 

 the course of the short-celled secondary hyjjha^ and begins with tlie 

 division of a smaller number of its cells in the common axis of the 

 hyphfc, producing finally a pseudo-parenchymatous structure, in 

 which the development of the gonidia takes lAacc from the micro- 

 gonidia present in each cell. The same process takes place also in 

 the cells of the hyphema, in the same way as in the hyphema of 

 Nosloc and Lcplogium. 



Tlio forms referred to are united by the author into one species, 

 without exactly defining its limits. As to its position, he would 

 unite the cortical P(i}yJ>histi<r with the forms included under Blasto- 

 desmia, Arrocordia, and Pyrrnnia Ki'irb., rntlier than with the genera 



* 'Flora.' Ixiii. (ISSO) pp. 120, lO.'i. 

 VOL. III. 3 Y 



