112 Report on Sleam Culiivation. [Reed. 



in the winter ; 25 acres of clover and 25 acres of roots are taken 

 year by year, the clover-hay being consumed with the roots. 

 The supply of water is plentiful, and the water good. When 

 the steam-share or tine has well shattered the subsoil to a depth 

 of 15 inches from the surface, the drainage is perceptibly 

 improved. The texture of the land, too, is so changed that roots 

 can now be grown where no roots were grown before, and half 

 the root-crop is now fed on the land up to Januarv 1st, after 

 wliich the sheep are removed. 



The Apparatus, bought in April, 1859, from Mr. Smith, 

 consists of the two cultivators, windlass, rope, &c., price 200/., 

 to which has been added a home-made 7-tine cultivator ; the 

 previous engine of 7-horse power, bought in 1851, was exchanged 

 1863 for the present 10-horse power double-cylinder engine, 

 valued at 300/., and made by Clayton and Shuttleworth, who 

 allowed 50/. for the old one. The engine is employed nine 

 months in the year thrashing, grinding, and sawing timber for 

 the estate. 



Repairs, Reneivals, Wear and Tear. — The original rope, of 

 1400 yards, has been supplemented by 1000 yards ; 800 yards 

 have been used up, and 1600 yards are therefore left, which 

 are calculated to last two years longer. The old anchors 

 and porters have been replaced by new and improved ones. 

 The farm-bailifF, Mr. Wallis, estimates these expenses at 1/. 

 per working day. He considers the repairs are less than in 

 doing the same work with horses. A smith employed on the 

 premises does the repairs. The breakages are principally caused 

 by the tree-roots. 



Work done, and Mode of doing it. — The first operation, 5 acres 

 per day, 12 inches deep; the second, 8 acres, 8 inches deep, 

 removals being included in both cases. 



The following Table shows the number of days' work in each 

 year. The average work per day is 6 acres : — • 



Year. D.ivs. Acres. 



1859 ;]L .. .. 186 



18G0 45 .. .. 270 



1861 57 .. .. 342 



1862 59 .. .. 345 



1863 (new eiy'iiij) .. .. 47 .... 282 



1864 47 .. .. 282 



1865 56 .. .. 336 



N.B. — A much larger amount of work would have been done had the 

 npiiaratus comprised a plough, which is "much wanted." 



Cost of Work. — Formerly the Avork used to done by the day. 

 Piece-work is esteemed much better. His Grace finds coal, 



