IvEED.] Report on Steam Cultivation. 1T5 



anchor-man, \s. SJ. ; two porter-boys, as. ; boy, horse and cart, Gs. 

 = 155. 2d. The driver and ploughman have Qd. per acre between 

 them extra, making 15^. 8(/. 



Add to this, 12 cwts. of coal consumed in 10 hours, 9^. (Staf- 

 fordshire, 16s. per ton home), and oil. Is.; total IZ. 5s. 8d. per 

 day. Add 15 per cent, for wear and tear, and 5 per cent, upon 

 761Z., and the cost per acre is HougWng. Cultivating. 



s. d. s. (2. 



For manual labour, caaiing water, coal and oil .. 4 3i .. 2 li 

 Wear and tear, maintenance and interest .. .. 4 4j .. 4 44 



8 7h 6 5-1 



A pair of horses or 4 bullocks, with one or two attendants, labo- 

 riously turning over an acre 5 or 6 inches deep, during a day of 

 8 hours, can scarcely be compared in point of economy with 

 machinery that can be worked to such advantage. It is fair 

 to state Mr. Ellman's opinion that contract-work, at the price 

 he has charged, does not pay so well as the price he receives for 

 thrashing wheat at Is. id. and oats Is. 



It only remains for us to say that labour is plentiful, that the 

 wages per day-work is 2s. Ad., that the engine-driver is a trained 

 mechanist ; but that there was neither smith nor smith's shop on 

 the premises. 



It is to diminished expenditure and deeper culture that Mr. 

 Ellman can at present point. He considers it too early to say 

 anything about increased produce. On this point he hopes 

 eventually to speak very decidedly. The ^apparatus was not at 

 work, nor did we see it. 



No. 29. On Friday, the 21st September, we visited Mr. J. 

 Arnot's farm at Carshalton, in the county of Surrey. It consists 

 of 600 acres of land, nearly all under the plough. It lies in large 

 fields, divested of hedge-rows and hedge-row timber, is fairly and 

 naturally supplied with good water, and in farming it Mr. Arnot 

 is under no restrictions. In satisfaction of the demand of the 

 London market it is cropped under various shifts : 370 acres are 

 under the 7-course shift — potatoes, wheat, oats or barley, green- 

 rye, peas, or tares with a following crop, bai'ley, seeds, wheat : 

 130 acres are under the G-course shift — potatoes, wheat, man- 

 golds, wheat, seeds, wheat : 90 acres, under the 4-course shift, 

 lie at some distance and are worked for sheep. The soil, which 

 varies in depth from 6 inches to 6 feet, is not drained, and under 

 all circumstances can be ploughed with 2 horses. The horse- 

 power is reduced from 18 to 9 ; 2 horses to 132 acres, instead of 

 66 acres. The steam-tackle was purchased in 1859. A knacker's 

 horse is bought for 77. or 8Z. for harvest. 



The Apparatus (Fowler's) consists of a traction engine of 

 10-horse power, double cylinder, manufactured by Clayton and 



