142 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 7 



are also grown and this branch of the fruit industry is gradually being 

 developed with the increase of market facilities. Other sections of the 

 province, particularly the numerous river valleys on the south and 

 north, are well suited to the growing of apples, plums, cherries and 

 small fruits. Fruit growing is l)eing generously aided by the govern- 

 ment through the establishment of numerous model orchards, scat- 

 tered one or more in nearly every county outside the recognized fruit 

 belt. Over thirty-five of these are now established and it is hoped that 

 encouraging results may be obtained within the next few years. 



Many, in fact most, of the orchards throughout the fruit belt, more 

 commonly known as the Annapolis Valley, consist of large, thrifty 

 trees which have been in 1)earing for many years. Lately through 

 the stimulus of large crops and good prices extensive plantings have 

 been made and it will not be long before the fruit crop will have doubled 

 and trebled. The production of apples is usually over 1,000,000 bar- 

 rels per year while in 1911 an exceptionally good year, over 1,500,000 

 barrels were exported. Many of the progressive fruit growers predict 

 a 5,000,000 barrel export crop within the next five years. This fruit 

 belt has always been free from some of the worst fruit pests and up to 

 within the last two years it was claimed that the province was entirely 

 free from San Jose scale. The discovery of this dangerous orchard 

 pest by Mr. George E. Sanders in the spring of 1911 aroused widespread 

 interest and misgivings as to the future of the fruit industry. Living 

 scale was found on nursery stock planted the preceding year proving 

 that this scale could survive the winters in Nova Scotia. 



There has been considerable discussion as to the northern limits of 

 San Jose scale. However, this dangerous fruit insect is gradually 

 moving northward, particularly in Ontario and New York, where it is 

 now working slowly into the transition zone. Professor Caesar,^ 

 provincial entomologist of Ontario, informs me that it has not yet 

 become established in Ontario beyond the northern limit of the upper 

 austral zone as laid down by C. H. Merriam, and he thinks it will not 

 thrive beyond this. The fruit belt in Nova Scotia is at present en- 

 tirely in the transition zone but further faunal studies may change 

 this and I think it will. For the past nine years the average of the 

 minimum temperatures for the most northerly point of this fruit belt 

 (Windsor) is— 11.5° while the lowest temperature during the same time 

 is— 18°. The average maximum temperature for the same period is 

 90.5°, the highest temperature being 96°. A few miles further west at 

 Wolfville, N. S., the average minimum temperature covering a period 

 of eight years is— 9.2°, the lowest being— 14°. The average maximum 

 temperature is about the same as for Windsor. 



In Nova Scotia the scale has survived the winters but at present there 



