344 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 7 



plants only. In West Virginia two forms of certificates are issued covering two 

 classes of nurseries, one where no ' ' dangerously injurious insects or plant dis- 

 eases" are found, and one where such have been found and subsequently exter- 

 minated. 



Of 43 states furnishing the information 26 have no established list of named 

 pests to which their certificates have special application. Seventeen states have 

 a regular list. The inclusion in the state law of such phrases as ' ' San Jose scale 

 and other injurious insect pests or plant diseases" is not here regarded as an 

 established list. Of the established lists the most comprehensive is that of Con- 

 necticut which includes 20 insect pests and 10 plant diseases, closely followed by 

 Utah with 17 insect pests and 11 plant diseases. In many cases the list is more 

 or less elastic, but in several states, even with comparatively limited lists, insect 

 pests and plant diseases not oflficially designated as "dangerous" are disregarded. 

 In the case of two adjoining states having practically identical insect pest and 

 plant disease problems, one disregards all except 11 insects and 7 plant diseases, 

 total 18, while the other practically disregards all except six insects and three plant 

 diseases, total 9. In another instance all except 16 insect pests and plant diseases 

 are disregarded while in an adjoining state all except 10 are disregarded. 



With reference to the insects which are regarded as "dangerous" pests, the 

 reports from several states inform us that certain economic insects, such as the 

 oyster shell and scurfy scales are regarded as coming within the meaning of 

 the state law or certificate only when they are doing actual damage to the nursery 

 trees where found. This practice may be objected to on the ground that a badly 

 infested tree is more likely to be noticed by the average purchaser or even culled 

 out by the nurseryman himself, whereas the slight infestations are more apt to be 

 overlooked and are therefore more likely to be the cause of transferring insect 

 pests to previously uninfested orchards or localities. 



Eeporting on crown gall, which disease was taken as an example to determine 

 the difference in values and meanings of certificates, 37 inspection ofiicials require 

 the destruction of infected stock or at least do not permit its sale. Of these 37, 

 six provide inspectors to examine the stock when dug and to see that the require- 

 ment is met, three require a wiitten pledge from the nurseryman that infected 

 stock will be separated out and destroyed and 28 apparently have no formal 

 arrangements concerning the matter. Aside from the 37 who report requirements, 

 two report that the nurserymen are ' ' requested ' ' to separate out and to destroy 

 the infected stock, two report no requirements and two are fortunate in not having 

 met with the disease in their respective states. 



Answering a question as to whether it would be practicable to file annually with 

 every other state inspection official, a list of nurseries to which certificates have 

 been issued, thirty-seven states report in the affirmative, one can furnish list of 

 bonded and licensed nurserymen, two report lack of provisions for the extra oflfice 

 work and for postage and two report that no general certificates are issued. These 

 two could no doubt furnish lists of bonded or licensed nurserymen. 



One question related to the practicability of each state inspection oflficial in 

 charge furnishing each other chief state official with a detailed report of the exact 

 findings of the inspectors in each nursery. Thirty-three, or more than 75 per cent, 

 gave not unfavorable replies, including 31 affirmative replies without qualifications. 

 Two considered the matter doubtful. Six, including one on account of lack of 

 funds, reported unfavorably, while two could not cooperate since no general certifi- 

 cates were issued. 



The examination of the general inspection certificates of 30 states shows con- 



