August, '14] MORRILL: STANDARDIZATION INSPECTION CERTIFICATES 345 



siderable variatiou iu the phraseology concerning the pests antl diseases. Nine 

 specifically mention the San Jose scale. The general terms used are as follows: 

 "dangerously injurious insect pests and plant diseases," 11 states; "injuri- 

 ous insects and plant diseases, ' ' 4 states ; ' ' insects and diseases of a seriously 

 dangerous nature," 2 states; "any contagious or infectious disease or the 

 San Jose scale or other dangerously injurious insect," 2 states; "dangerous 

 insects or plant diseases," 1 state; "insect pests and fungus diseases," 1 

 state; "destructively injurious insect and fungus enemies, '' 1 state; "destruc- 

 tively injurious pests, ' ' 1 state ; ' ' dangerous insects and dangerously conta- 

 gious tree and plant diseases," 1 state; "dangerously injurious insects and 

 contagious plant diseases, ' ' 1 state ; ' ' disease, scale or other dangerously 

 injurious insects," 1 state; "dangerously injurious pests or fungus diseases," 

 1 state; "dangerously injurious insect pests or dangerously destructive plant 

 diseases," 1 state; "dangerous insect pests and dangerously contagious tree 

 or plant diseases, ' ' 1 state and finally ' ' noxious or injurious diseases likely to 

 be transmitted on nursery stock, ' ' 1 state. 

 It appears evident that these variously phrased certificates are all intended to 

 have about the same meaning and that they do in fact have identical meaning to 

 the general public. The advertising values to the nurseryman are the same even 

 though a scientific man may recognize the fact that "crown gall" and pear blight 

 are not included as ' ' fungus ' ' diseases and that a certificate regarding crown gall 

 issued without an examination of the roots is valueless. It has been shown by the 

 replies which have been classified in this report that the general designation ' ' dan- 

 gerously injurious insect pests and plant diseases" or the equivalent can be inter- 

 preted only by one who knows which, if any, pests are listed and which disregarded 

 in the states maintaining an established list, and in the other states which pests 

 are personally regarded as dangerously destructive by the official in charge. The 

 reports from many if not most states, plainly indicate that the interpretation to 

 be given to the certificate phraseology applies strictly within the limits of the home 

 state. 



Certain variations from the ordinary systems of certification have been men- 

 tioned. Other noteworthy variations are the systems in Arkansas, Illinois and Wis- 

 consin. The first two states issue certificates which are given more than ordinary 

 value by a system of signed agreements relating to the treatment or the elimination 

 of stock infested or infected with woolly apple aphis, crown gall, peach borer and 

 other common pests found in the nursery in nearly all sections of the country. 

 Following a report on the condition of the nursery and specifications as to re- 

 quired treatments, the Illinois system requires the nurseryman to sign the following 

 agreement as a condition of the issuance of the certificates. 



' ' I hereby promise and agree that the above mentioned con- 

 ditions shall be observed as affecting any and all nursery stock grown or growing 

 on my premises; and I also agree that I will not use, or permit to be used, any 

 official certificate of nursery inspection issued to me by the Illinois State Ento- 

 mologist on any of the stock to which the above jireseriptions and requirements 

 apply, until said prescriptions and requirements have been fully complied with. ' ' 



Signature . 



Date . 



The Wisconsin system is one of permits rather than of ordinary inspection 

 certification. Xo declaration is made as to the apparent freedom of the stock 

 from pests, but we believe no one can question tliat such permits mean fully as 



