E. R. Saunders 59 



anthers have dehisced to flat expansions of considerable size (see fig. 7). 

 But in these cases the stamens, always five in number, are otherwise 

 normal. The gyncecium is also normal, and the corolla forms one 

 petaloid funnel-shaped structure. The flower is obviously single. In 

 the doubles the flower tube is filled with a number of additional 

 petaloid structures and stamens (see figs. 2 and 3), or in rare cases 

 mostly with additional stamens (see figs. 4 and 5). These extra 

 petaloid structures are often variously folded, generally flat but oc- 

 casionally funnel-shaped, more or less adherent below and free above. 

 When folded the more deeply coloured, morphologically upper surfaces 

 are generally opposed, the less deeply coloured, often hairy under 

 surfaces being outside; but in the open flower the expanded upper 

 portions of these structures come to lie for the most part with the 

 upper surface exposed to view, thus giving a uniform colour effect. 

 They vary considerably in size and number even in the different 

 flowers on one individual. Many bear anther-like structures con- 

 taining pollen, and some have occasionally been found with a structure 

 resembling a stigma. The number of stamens proper is also variable, 

 being usually more numerous in flowers with few petaloid structures and 

 vice versa. The several members of the corolla and androecium may 

 fuse to form an outer, single, conspicuous, and somewhat massive 

 envelope, within which are concealed much smaller petal-like structures 

 and stamens forming a central mass, which may arise at a distinctly 

 higher level than the outer envelope owing to the development of an 

 internode. Or they may form three or four well-developed envelopes 

 composed of petal-like structures and adherent stamens which can be 

 successively peeled off. A further imjjortant characteristic of the 

 double flower is the malformation of the gyneecium. The whole 

 structure is often completely deformed, but when this is not the case 

 and the style and stigma appear to be normal, the ovary is seen to be 

 larger than in the single, and when opened is found to contain perianth 

 parts, stamens with well-formed pollen, and in some cases also ovules 

 below or among these other structures. All attempts to use the doubles 

 as seed-parents however proved unsuccessful. Fertilisation produced no 

 result. Hence the double character could only he introduced into the 

 pedigree on the male side. 



The flowers on any individual are of one type, either all single or 

 all double as the case may be. Among a large number of flowers from 

 double-flowered plants only one was found in which both corolla and 

 andrcecium appeared to be single, and in this case the flower was 



