o06 NOTES AND MEMORANDA. 



tive state without producing vesicles, they themselves simulate super- 

 posed, not juxtaposed, antipodal vesicles. These differ from the 

 former in a morphological point of view, and M. Vesque gives them 

 the name of anticlinal cells. 



This state Las been observed in several Monocotyledons, certain 

 apoi^etalous Dicotyledons, and in almost all the Gamopetalfe. 



7th. The second cell appears to be the first to undergo an arrest 

 of development. In this case its vesicle directly becomes the proper 

 vesicle of the embryonal sac, and this cell does not produce any 

 antipodal vesicle. This fact, observed in some Monocotyledtms and 

 Apopetalfe, becomes the rule in the Gamopetalte, which are from this 

 point of view the farthest removed from Cryptogams. 



8th. In the Gamopetalte (with some very rare exceptions) the first 

 cell alone produces a complete or incomplete tetrad, which is nothing 

 but the sexual apparatus composed of two, three, or four vesicles. 

 The second cell seems to take upon itself the vegetative role of the 

 embryonal sac. Its undivided vesicle becomes the vesicle of the 

 embryonal sac. 



The cells 3, 4, 5 (or 3, or 3 and 4, according to the number of the 

 special parent-cells) are anticlinal vesicles, or produce antipodal 

 vesicles by dividing their vesicles. 



9th. In the greater number of Gamopctalae, the formation of the 

 endosjjerm is connected with the ulterior develojiment, by division, 

 of one or many of the special parent-cells. These Litter being homo- 

 logous with the parent-cells of spores, it is permissible to consider 

 the endosperm of these plants as a sterile female prothallus. 



Protein-crystalloids. — Dr. A. F. W. Schimper, son of the well- 

 known bryologist, has recently published a treatise on this subject.* 

 He finds the crystalloids contained in seeds, to which he has paid 

 most attention, to belong mostly to two systems ; some are hexa- 

 gonal-rhombohedral-hemihedial ; while others ai-e regular tetrahedral- 

 hemihedral ; the former again being divisible into three species. 

 Their crystallographic properties agree with those of true crjfstals, 

 except that, as Niigeli has already pointed out, their angles are some- 

 what less constant. Regular crystalloids swell up in water equally 

 in all directions, and therefore undergo no change in form ; the 

 swelling of hexagonal crystalloids is, on the other hand, accompanied 

 by certain changes both of form and of optical properties. Crystal- 

 loids are, however, perfectly distinct from true crystals ; the same 

 substance never occurs both as crystalloid and crystal. 



Composition of Chlorophyll.— Some further researches on this 

 subject are recorded by Professor Dippel.f He starts with the obser- 

 vation that neither of the substances into which Kraus divided crude 

 chlorophyll, xanthophyll and cyaiiophyll, are themselves simple sub- 

 stances. Xanthophyll, which is not entirely free from fluorescence, 

 and which is certainly not a product of decomposition due to the 

 presence of water in the alcohol employed, is, according to circum- 

 stances, coloured of a more or less distinct blue by acids, and this 



* ' Botamsclie Zeitiing,' xxxvii. (1879) 45. f 'Flora,' xxxvi. (1878) 17. 



