On Dairy -Farming. 353 



water. The first cost of the pipes is somewhat heavy ; but 

 when, as in many cases, the water can be heated without extra 

 fires, the advantage is very great, the dust, trouble, and ex- 

 penditure of fuel, from a stove, being avoided. These remarks, 

 however, apply rather to making butter than cheese. 



Skilled dairy - servants readily and deservedly obtain high 

 wages ; their cost, including board, &c., on the farm in ques- 

 tion, would not be less than 50?. per annum. This, with a 

 charge of 30/. for milking, of 20/. for wear and tear of dairy- 

 utensils, heating-apparatus, «&c., would bring the extra expense 

 attendant upon dairying on this farm to 100/. per year, or 2/. per 

 cow. I have taken the average yield on such a farm at 4^ cwts. 

 per cow, or 16/. per head per annum, although where a very 

 superior quality of cheese is made, an increased return would be 

 obtained, with some aid furnished by the arable land, «Scc. The 

 amount realised farm Cow-stock alone on this farm would there- 

 fore be — £ 



Produce of 50 cows, at 16?. each 800 



Sale of 35 young calves, at 1?. each .. .. 35 



15 cows sold every year, at IIZ. each 165 



£1000 

 Deduct extra expenses of dairymg .. .. 100 



or 18?. per cow. £900 



Summary. — 1. It appears that on very first-rate pasture, worth 

 upwards of 3/. per acre, \\ acre will graze a bullock and a sheep, 

 besides making a second lot moderately fat before Christmas, 

 with the aid of oilcake. It will give a gross return of 6/. or 11. 

 per acre. 



2. If acre of such land would, if it suited, keep a milch-cow, 

 and give a gross return of 9/. per acre, with an extra cost of 1/. 

 to 2/. for dairy expenses, and some aid in fodder and roots from 

 arable land or by purchase. 



3. On ordinary pasture, worth 30^. to 40^. per acre, 3 to 4 

 acres will be required to keep a milch-cow, so as to yield, on an 

 average, 535 gallons of milk per annum. 



4. If the milk can be sold at 8f/. per gallon, that will be the 

 best means of disposing of it. The dairy expenses will then be 

 diminished, but the cost of keep, &;c., increased. The gross 

 annual return would be 18/. per cow, besides the calf. 



5. If whole-milk cheese be successfully made (4^- cwt. at 65^.), 

 a return of Id. to l^d. per gallon, or 16/. to 17/. per cow, may be 

 obtained. 



6. From 535 gallons of milk, about 200 lbs. of butter may 

 commonly be made ; worth, at 13(/. per lb., 10/. 16^. ^d. By 



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