VOLUMES OXE TO TWEXTY-FIVE. 



81 



GRASS-LAND. 



■217 ; shoddy, ib. ; cotton refuse, at 

 2.S. 6d. per ton, much sought after, 218; 

 manui'es are less lasting in their eiiects 

 on land at great altitudes, ib. 

 CtRass-land, on the nianiuing of (Rev. W. 

 E.BowcUtch), xix. 219; 50 per cent, of 

 the land in England under grass, ib. ; 

 robbery of grass lands to feed the arable, 

 ib. ; imports of stock, meat, and wool 

 in 1855-6, 220 ; average amount of asli in 

 hay crops, 221 ; analyses of meadow hay 

 ■and rye grass, 222 ; nitrogen in hay, 

 1 per cent., the fine mould beneath 

 grass not formed from decaying roots 

 alone, 224 ; action of earth-worms on 

 pasture, 225 ; Darwin on vegetable 

 mould, ib. ; small percentage of organic 

 matter in soil untler turf, 22(3; large 

 foreign worms near Thirsk, 227 ; dis- 

 like of worms to coal-ashes, ib. ; they 

 transport but do not enrich the soil, 

 228 ; autumn the time for manuring, 

 229 ; root - growth precedes that of 

 beans, ib. ; guano advantageously ap- 

 plied in November (Horsfall), 230 ; 

 superiority of hay cut early, ib. ; Juno 

 15th to 25th, the proper mowing time 

 in the case of mixed grasses, 231 ; mean 

 rainfall in May, June, and July, 233 ; 

 action of water on hay (M. Pierre), ib. ; 

 its loss in nitrogen, potash, and soda, 

 232 ; hay-tea, an alkaline, aromatic 

 tonic for young stock, ib. ; flowering 

 lime of the best grasses, 233 ; Middle- 

 ton on early manuring, 234 ; Manuring 

 in July objectionable, ib. ; the objection 

 reviewed by Mr. Thompson {note), 235 ; 

 absorptive power of clay soils, com- 

 posts, use of shoddy, 236 ; soot, malt- 

 dust, guano, 237 ; increase of grass 

 from the use of gas-liquor, 238 ; mess 

 is smothered out when grass is in- 

 vigorated, ib. ; use of gas-hme and 

 soapers' waste, 239 ; ashes of grass 

 compared with those of other crops, 

 ib. ; silica required for grasses, made 

 soluble by ammoniacal salts (Liebig), 

 240; Mr. Blakie on composts, 241; 

 effects produced by common salt not 

 lasting, ib. ; the body in minivio rules 

 tlie crojj, 242 ; bones if repeated be- 

 come less efficacious, ib. ; grass-land 

 ])ays for manuring, 243 ; Mr. Horsfall's 

 liberal dressings reviewed, 244 ; effect 

 of clay from gas-works, 245 ; fungi, a 

 sign of 23overty, 247 ; trefoil increased 

 by dressings of cow's urine (Mr. By- 

 water), ib. ; repeated th'cssings destroy 

 fine grasses, 248 ; clinkers rich in alka- 

 lies foster coarse grass ib. ; sewage 

 suited only to porous soils, 249; cou- 

 VOLS. I. XXV. 



GRASS-LAND. 



sideration of conditions essential to its 

 profitable application, ib. ; compost, a 

 convenient form, ib. ; earth closets 

 suggested, ib. 



Grass-land, on the laying down of, and its 

 subsequent management (H. S. Thomp- 

 son), xix. 250 ; neglect of grass-lands, 

 ib. ; Arthur Young's estimate of their 

 produce per acre, ib. ; returns from 

 outlay on grass not direct, 251 ; exj^e- 

 rience of a 30-acre field, brokeu-up in 

 war time, laid down again, fallowed, 

 limed, sown with rape, fed off by sheej), 

 and then sown with grass alone, 253 ; 

 the sheep's gnawing tooth more than 

 a match for the golden foot, 254 ; lin- 

 seed cake of no avidl, ib. ; sheep should 

 be excluded from new layer, ib. ; the 

 author's later experience and practice 

 described, 255 ; emijloyment of a ma- 

 nure collector recommended, ib. ; rules 

 for i^reparation of compost, ib. ; im- 

 portance of collecting vegetable mould 

 for top-dressing grass, ib. ; a dark 

 tint in soils indicative of vegetable 

 remains, 256 ; porous soils unfit for 

 pasture without marling, though 

 capable of being made first-rate arable, 

 257 ; history of a sandy field, ib. ; clay- 

 lands run together and lose atmo- 

 spheric influences, ib. ; directions for 

 tiicir management, 258 ; on fallowing, 

 liming, and sowing hay-seeds and clover 

 with wheat, ib. ; necessity of keeping 

 slieep out, ib. ; after the hay-crop, a 

 liberal dressing of farmyard manure, 

 compost, guano, and bones must be 

 applied, ib. ; better have clay land 

 under the plough than starved as 

 grass, 259 ; land as above manured 

 should be rolled in spring, and fed off 

 with young cattle, ib. ; fine mould in old 

 grass-land from worm-casts and vege- 

 table remains, ib. ; its rate of accumu- 

 lation, 260 ; worms increased by ma- 

 nuring, ib. ; reason for breaking-np 

 2 years' layer, and for landlords' reluc- 

 tance to part with old grass, 201 ; how 

 to manage inferior pastures, ib. ; varied 

 dressings foster difierent plants, ib.; 

 Mr. Lawes' trial plots, 262 ; for quantity 

 of grass use anmioniacal manures, for 

 quality use lime or bones, ib. ; obtain 

 tiie eft'ect at once, and not by niggardly 

 or piecemeal applications, 263 ; the 

 economy of feeding pastures fjr making- 

 beef, ib. ; money well laid out on grass 

 gives a more certain return than corn- 

 land, 264. 



, on tlio eftecfs of different manures 



on the mixed herbage of grass-land 

 f 



