148 



JOURNAL OP HOETICULTUEE AND COTTAGE GAKDENER. 



[ August 25, 1863. 



thorn trees, long since removed ; and tlie next was at Tiu- 

 larig Castle, neai' tlie head of Loch Tay, the " Domus 

 tntunus " of the BreadiUbane family. 



The earliest account of the propagation of hedge plants 

 and then- management even in England does not date prior 

 to between three or four hundi'ed years, and the published 

 directions then given refer to their uses as protection merely 

 to plantations, gardens, and small ijaddocks near the house ; 

 and that Holly plants were mixed with Thorns, both being 

 prociu'ed ffom the woods, where they gi'ew spontaneously. 

 The rearing of sueh plants from seed was not practised even 

 around London till shortly before the time of Evelyn ; and 

 in Scotland not tiU after the establishment of the nurseries 

 of the Dickinsons at Hassenden Bum, near- Hawick ; the 

 rearing of such plants is said to have laid the foundation of 

 the gi-eat commercial houses of the Dicksons in Scotland. — 

 (Scottish Farmer.) 



[The writer in our contemporary is wrong as to the time 

 of hedges being introduced into England. " A gi'ove for 

 making hedges is mentioned in Domesday Book (Middle- 

 sex, fol. 127). Hedges and ditches also are mentioned as 

 boundaries in many Anglo-Saxon grants of lands. Moreover 

 they were protected by law. If a freeman broke through a 

 hedge he was liable to a fine of Gs. A ceorl was to keep liis 

 farm well enclosed lioth in winter and summer ; and if 

 damage occuiTed to auy one ii'om a neglect of this law, or 

 even fi'om leaving a gate open, the careless husbandman 

 was Hable to pay for the damage. — (Wilkin's Leges Saxonici, 

 % 21.)] 



ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY'S MEETING. 



The August meetmg of the Entomological Society was 

 held on the 3rd instant, T. P. Pascoe, Esq., F.L.S., one of 

 the Vice-Presidents, being in the chair. Numerous additions 

 to the Society's library were announced, consisting chiefly 

 of foreign irabhcations presented by the Natui-al Historj' 

 and Entomological Societies of Moscow, Stettin, and Berhn, 

 Messrs. Hagen, Brauer, Zeller, &c. An account was given 

 of the entomological captiu-es made by Mr. F. G. Waterhouse 

 durbig his recent journey of exjjloration across Australia. 

 Upwards of 2000 specimens had been captured chiefly in the 

 northern half of the continent, comprising a gi'eat nmnber 

 of species (although apparently poor in the number of iudi- 

 viduals), which evidently bore a greater general affinity to 

 the insects of the islands of the Eastern Archipelago than 

 to those of South Australia and Van Diemen's Land. The 

 Kev. Hamlet Clark exhibited the si^ecies of Water Beetles 

 captured dvuing this e?:pedition, consisting of seventeen 

 species, of which no less than thirteen appeai'ed to be new 

 to science. 



The Secretary stated that on cai-efuUy examining the 

 silken tissue found upon a mass of Chicoi-y exhibited at the 

 last meeting, some specimens, much rubbed, of Ephestia 

 eluteUa, a minute Moth, had been found, the cateri^illars of 

 which were doubtless the fabricators of the tissue. 



Mr. Stainton exhibited some Alder leaves containing lai-vie 

 of the beaiitiful little Moth Tinagma resplendeUa, biuTowing 

 within the midi'ib or leafstalk. When young they impart a 

 slight curve to the leaf, by which then- jaresence may be 

 detected. Subsequently they mine along one side of the 

 midrib, retiu-iiing by the other side, and finish by forming 

 a blotch upon the leaf. Mx. Stainton added, that not only 

 were the characters of the mines of leaf-mining Lepidoptera 

 of high importance for the discrimination of species, but he 

 considered that the mines exhibited characters of generic 

 value, to which regard ought to be had in the futm-e classi- 

 fication of the family. 



Mr. Hayward exhibited the pupa and the perfect insect of 

 Ocypus ater which he had succeeded in reai-ing from the 

 pupa state, the lai'va having been found in a cavity in a 

 piece of Eba wood. Entomologists had long been aware of 

 the difEciilty r^f rearing the insects of the family Staphylinidse, 

 to which the Ocj'pus belongs. 



Professor Westwood dnected attention to the ravages 

 committed on WiUow trees in Essex by the Weeiil Cryi>to- 

 rhynchus Lapathi, tlie larvae of which had attacked some of 

 the rai-er species of Willow (making cylindrical bun'ows of 

 considerable dip.meter and length in the stems), to such an 



extent that the gi-owers were in feax of the destruction of 

 their plantations. 



Mr. Douglas Timmens gave an account of the sxiccessfol 

 rearing of Papilio Machaou, Thais Cassandra, Polyommatus 

 Tolas, and Clostera Anachoreta in winter, the chi'ysaUds 

 having been kept in warm situations, whereby their develop- 

 ment had been accelerated. He considered that by this 

 means it might be possible to real- and perhaps naturalise 

 some of the exotic species in this counti-y. 



The Chaii-man announced the pubhcation of the sixth 

 volume of Lacordaire's Genera of Coleoptera, devoted to the 

 tribes of Weevils (Ehynchophora). Mi: Wallace announced 

 an intended expedition, for zoological pursuits, to New 

 Britain, New Ireland, kc, by Messrs. Wilson, of Adelaide. 

 The second volume of Mi-. Tiimen's work on the Butterflies 

 of South Africa, with a number of plates illustrating new 

 species, was also announced as nearly ready for publication. 

 Memou-s by Dr. Baly, containing descriptions of new species 

 of Chrysomelidffi, &c., by Dr. Stal, of Stockholm, containing 

 descriptions of new genera and species of exotic Hemiptera, 

 were read. 



PEOPOSED GAEDENEES' BENEFIT SOCIETY. 



It is very strange, after the propositions to organise a 

 Gardeners' Friendly Society by some of the leading practical 

 gai-deners of England, that they do not form a Committee at 

 once, and cany it into operation. I am sui-e if they did so 

 there are hundr-eds in this country who would be only too glad 

 to embrace the opportunity of giving all the assistance in 

 then- power to co-operate with their friends on the other side 

 of the channel. I only hope it will be taken up at once 

 ■with energy, for such a Society as the one proposed would 

 be second to none in the United Kingdom if once established. 

 I hope all members of the profession ^vill raise then- voice 

 in its favom-, for it is a Society very much wanted — 

 D. Phelan, Gardener, Rathndnes Castle, near Dublin. 



I HAVE been pleased to see that some of our craft are 

 anxious to form us and om- employers into a Society for our 

 mutual benefit, and I am as anxious as any one can be to 

 set the " ball rolling." 



I can count over fifty gardeners in regular- places within 

 three miles from here, and I think we could form a lodge 

 or district for these, with Ashton as a centre, and other 

 districts would be forming outside this. Manchester woidd 

 form several districts ; for near that city ai-e some hundreds 

 of gai-deners, and in Liverpool the same. 



Now I think we can set the Society going if some half- 

 dozen men can be brought together to call a meeting — say- 

 in the anteroom of the Free Trade Hall, and request all 

 gardeners and their employers belonging to Manchester 

 district to attend, and the same in London, Liverpool, aaid 

 other large centres. 



I shall be most happy to meet at some convenient place 

 any half-dozen or more gai-deners to organise, first for a 

 large meeting as suggested ; and secondly, to prepiu-e reso- 

 lutions for the meeting to ajiprove. 



Details would have to be settled by a general Committee. 



I have spoken to a goodly number of gardeners, and they 

 aU seem anxious we should form a Society. There are some 

 things I shall strenuously oppose — such as having lodges at 

 public-houses (though I am not a teetotallei-) ; but these 

 matters can be opjaosed if they appear. 



My concluding advice is at the present. Let us gardeners 

 be up and doing in the matter, and not standing listlessly 

 by waiting for somebody to do it for us, remembering the old 

 adage that " God helps those who help themselves." — John 

 Hague, Gardener, Groby Lodge, AsMan^under-Lyne. 



gjledening in japan. 



We have the pleasiu-e of laying before om- readers an 

 interesting letter from Mi-. Hogg. His many fiiends wiU 

 be glad to learn that he is in the enjoyment of excelleat 

 health, and is industriously employed in exploring the 

 country for rai-e and valuable jilants, of which he has 

 already gathered a very interesting coUection. Some have 



