April, '13] SURFACE: WHAT BESIDES INSPECTION 267 



opinion of the writer that propagation from bearing trees carries with 

 it more evils than benefits. The cuttings used for this purpose are 

 those that are most sure to carry San Jose scale and certain other pests 

 to the nursery. In other words, the stock propagated from nursery 

 stock is, as a rule, much cleaner than that from bearing stock. We 

 are willing to go on record further, as having expressed the opinion 

 that cuttings from bearing stock do not come into bearing at any 

 younger period than those from nursery stock, contrary to the popular 

 opinion. 



Ours must be constantl}'' a campaign of education. We must 

 educate the growler, not only in methods of suppressing pests, but 

 also in methods of avoiding them. To do this we must anticipate 

 what pests may be liable to occur, and instruct the nurserymen and 

 growers who have not had opportunity to make a careful study of 

 this subject. For example, we have had gratifying results by sending 

 to our nurserymen and florists colored picture cards, giving faithful 

 representations of the brown-tail moth and the gipsy moth in their 

 various stages. This is in order to acquaint them with the pests, in 

 order that they can w^atch for them. In a few cases the growers have 

 immediately declared that theij had such insects on their -premises, but 

 when asked to produce specimens, have been able to show nothing 

 worse than some of the common Noctuids or Cut-worm moths. 



It w^ould be best to be on the safe side, however, and be suspicious 

 of any insect that may occur on imported stock, until its real nature 

 is pointed out by an expert. Therefore, we have urged nurserymen 

 and florists to be particularly watchful, and send us specimens of 

 insects in any stage that may be found, in order that we can determine 

 them and give such instruction as may be useful in preventing the 

 spread of the same. It must be said, to the credit or our nurserymen 

 and florists, that they have made good use of the facilities thus offered 

 to them. They have been told that wherever they see a dead leaf 

 held to a twig or to the bark by any means, it is liable to be attached 

 by a web, which means the work of an insect or spider. They are 

 urged to pick off and destroy all such nests wnth their contents, and 

 wherever these are not well understood, to send specimens at once to 

 the office of the economic zoologist. 



In addition to the above campaign of education and inspection we 

 have tried to educate the final grower or orchardist to recognize the 

 pests on nursery stock and refuse to accept a plant that is seriouslj'' 

 infested or infected. Crown gall is one of*the serious diseases now 

 causing trouble on stock shipped from other states into Pennsylvania. 



In a recent public demonstration a shipment from another state 

 was found entirely infected with this disease. Upon corresponding 



