April, '10] FELT : THE CODLIXG MOTH 173 



being duplicated in the orchard of Edward VanAlstyne at Kinder- 

 hook. The Hart orchard is on a moderately high hill, the trees being 

 thrifty, about fifteen years old, 15 to 18 feet high and 30 feet apart. 

 Each plot consisted of approximately forty-two trees, six trees in a 

 row one way and seven in a row the other way, the central six being 

 the actual experimental trees and invariably Baldwins, though some 

 of the barrier trees were Northern Spys. The experimental trees 

 were carefully selected for uniformity of size, fruitage and infesta- 

 tion. An examination of one resulted in finding thirteen empty 

 codling moth cells and of another, none. These were not in the 

 experimental area. The orchard as a whole had not been sprayed 

 much prior to the past season. 



The spraying followed the usual practice of orchardists, the aim 

 being to cover the entire tree and especially to hit the tips of the 

 young apples with the spray. The Bordeaux nozzles were set so as 

 to give a maximum of rather coarse spray which would not break up 

 into fine drops till about six feet from the nozzle. The aim of this 

 application was to drive the poison straight down into the tip of 

 every young apple, the nozzle being held about 18 to 24 inches from 

 the fruit so far as possible, and the pressure being maintained at 

 about 150 pounds. This gave a stiff, penetrating spray which 

 repeatedly passed the stamens and collected in the lower cavit}', 

 especially in the first application. Despite the above, it was found 

 practically impossible to fill the lower calyx cavity in all cases, espe- 

 cially was this true during the second spraying after the stamen 

 bars had withered a little. An examination showed that the dried 

 tips of these organs were very likely to become entangled and present 

 a most effective barrier to the passage of the spray. In practice it 

 was found much more difficult to cover a tree thoroughly with the 

 Bordeaux type of nozzle than it was with the much broader and more 

 evenly distributed spray coming from the Vermorel nozzle. 



The trees were sprayed with 514 pounds of Grasselli's arsenate of 

 lead and 10 pounds of copper sulfate to each 150 gallons of spray, 

 enough lime being added to neutralize the copper sulfate as deter- 

 mined by the Ferro-cyanide test. The first application was made 

 May 20, the second May 31 and the third June 28. Two check trees 

 were left in the immediate vicinity of the experimental plots. 



Observations upon the growth and development of the fruit were 

 made at interv^als during the season, and on September 13 and 1-1 

 the dropped apples were collected and carefully sorted. It was then 

 found that there were from 14.91 per cent to 26.67 per cent of wormy 

 fruit under the experimental trees, while the check trees had 73.91 



