78 JOURNAL OF THE LJu'yr 



10. Columnar structure of exterior portion of the ingot. 



11, 12, 13. Webs and flanges of broken rails, showing texture 

 of the metal, 



14. Flanges of a. 60 carbon rail, showing an elongation of 18 

 per cent per inch. 



15, 16, 17, 18, 19 Sections of pit-test ingots, showing the gas 

 bubbles, blow holes, and piping. 



20. Section of worn 72-pound rail from outside of curve. 



21. Section of worn 72-pound rail from inside of curve. 



22. Section of unworn 72-pound rail. 



23. Section of worn 63-pound rail from tangent. 



24. Section of worn 63-pound rail from tangent. 



25. Section of 70-pound rail, thin, broad head. 



26. Section of 75-pound rail, thin, broad head. 



27. Section of 80-pound rail, thin, broad head. 



28. Section of 95-pound rail, thin, broad head. 



29. Section of 100-pound rail, thin, broad head. 



30. Section of 105-pound rail, deep, narrow head. 



31. Specular iron ore. 



32. Hematite iron ore. 



^^, 34. Octahedral crystals of magnetite. 

 35. Spiegeleisen. 



