324 journal of Agri.culturc. [10 May, 1910^ 



illustration showing a section of a Jonathan apple tree. The two prominent 

 laterals in the centre of the picture have produced their spurs along the 

 whole length. The lateral was left unpruned, and the spurs gradually 

 died along the stronger and baqk portion, fruiting only towards the- 

 termination. This, of course, is most undesirable, and the laterals should, 

 be kept undier constant observation to prevent this. Once any signs of 

 weakening! appear in the spurs towards the base of the lateral, it should 

 be considerably shortened back, to conserve strength, and to prevent final 

 barrenness. 



The illustrations show ist, three laterals of a "Clarke's Seedling" 

 apple, carrying 39, 41, and 51 apples respectively; and 2nd, a section of 

 a " Jonathan " apple tree, eleven years old, carrying a lo-bushel crop. 

 This last-named tree has averaged 10 bushels annuallv since it came- 

 into bearing. 



The illustrations are from the orchard of Mr. James Cowan, of 

 Bacchus March. 



ORCHARD AND GARDEN NOTES. 



E. E. Pescoit, Principal, School of Horticulture, Burnley. 



The Orchard. 



Pests and Diseases. 



All codlin moth bandages should at once be removed ; and if not: 

 destroyed, they should be boiled as soon as they are taken off the trees. 

 As soon as possible the trees should receive a thorough cleaning up, scrap- 

 ing and burning all the loose bark, cleaning out crevices and cracks, and' 

 cutting clean all cracked and broken ends of limbs. Every hiding place 

 of the codlin larv'je should i^e thoroughly searched and every possible 

 grub destroyed. This is half the battle for the coming season. It is 

 advisable to do this in the autumn ; as if it be left until spring, the incom- 

 ing rush of work may prevent the grower from having it done at all. 

 Where growers have sprayed thoroughly to combat this pest during the past 

 season, very satisfactory results have been obtained, and the moth has- 

 been considerably reduced in numbers. 



At the Burnley School of Horticulture, the spraying during the season 

 was carried out with regularity, most of the orchard being spraved five 

 times. One block of dwarf apples was only sprayed four times, the first 

 spraying being omitted; the result was that nearly one half of the crop' 

 on these trees was destroyed by the attack of the first brood. In all other 

 sections the loss from the first brood was inconsiderable. As soon as 

 any apples were attacked, thiey were picked from the trees, find all 

 fallen apples were gathered and destroyed. Up till tlie middle of 

 January, not 2. per cent, of the crop was so lost. Two sprayings were 

 given after that time, and there was no further loss. Of the resultant 

 crop, not I per cent, was found to be moth-infested; in fact, many trees 

 carrying a crop of one bushel and over were gathered without showing a 

 single infested fruit. 



The main lesson taught this season is that the early spray should ne\er 

 be neglected'. The first spray is one of the most important, and it should" 

 be put on as early as consistent with the dropping of the petals. Another 



