II July, 1910.] Orchard and Garden Notes. 477 



Thus the plants will rapidly establish themselves, and will soon put on a 

 sturdy and vigorous growth. After planting, the young trees should receive 

 effective protection from stock, and hence they should be well fenced in. 



While growing, the soil surface should be frequently stirred, especially 

 in summer, so that the roots may be kept coo\ and healthy. Every care 

 possible should be given to each plant in the belt, so that their growth may 

 be rapid and regular ; and so that they may quickly establish themselves for 

 the fulfilment of their purpose. 



ORCHARD AND GARDEN NOTES. 



E. E. Pescott, Principal, School of Horticulture, Burnley. 



The Orchard. 



The month of July is generally one of the busiest months of the year. 

 Winter spraying and winter pruning must be carried out, and where orchard 

 areas are being increased, all the work incidental to the establishing of the 

 young trees must be completed. None of these works will admit of delay, 

 and all require to be finished before the time for spring sprayings comes- 

 along. 



Among the first works will be the planting of young trees. The ground 

 has already been prepared, and should be now well aired and mellowed, 

 and in a fit condition to receive the young stock. The young trees should 

 not be planted too deeply ; and generally they require to be planted at the 

 same (iepth as they grew in the nursery beds. The roots should be well 

 shortened back, and all broken and bruised roots removed. The soil should 

 be well and firmly packed around the young trees, and where the orchard 

 is at all exposed, the trees may be staked, the stakes having been well driven 

 into the ground previous to the planting. 



The selection of varieties is very often a matter of local expediency; 

 care should be taken that varieties subject to bitter pit, and cracking, are 

 not planted in cool or moist climates. Grievous mistakes have been made 

 in past years by planting out such varieties as Munroe's Favourite, Annie 

 Elisabeth, and Cleopatra in unsuitable zones ; whereas, when planted 'm 

 climates suitable to their successful growth, they are most profitable varieties. 

 The Jonathan still holds sway as the most popular apple, and it is at pre- 

 sent hard to find a more profitable fruit. Local conditions, and local 

 market requirements, will always be the determining factors in planting out 

 new orchard areas; and new growers will do well to consider these before- 

 planting out. 



Spraying. 

 The woolly aphis, bryobia mite, and the various scale insects may now 

 be more readily combated than at any other period of the year. So far, 

 the most successful remedies have been the sulphur, lime and salt wash, or 

 one of the oil emulsions. Growers are questioning the wisdom of annual 

 oil washes on trees ; the opinion being expressed that frequent coatings of 

 oil may injure the bark or close up some of the pores and cells. For this 

 reason, and also for the reason that a weak emulsion is often as effective a.s- 

 a strong one, red oil need not necessarily be used any stronger than one in 

 30. With good pressure on the pump,' this will be thoroughly effective 

 against most scale and aphis pests. 



