026 JOURNAL OF FORESTRY 



this size, though the seeded area might equal the circle. The area 

 actually seeded will be roughly triangular or pennant-shaped, accord- 

 ing to the direction and strength of the prevailing winds, and this fact 

 must be taken into account. Prompt seeding is necessary, hence the 

 necessity for seed trees already in full bearing habit. 



Gracing: (a) Cattle grazing when not to absolute excess distinctly 

 favors reproduction by keeping down coarse vegetation, and should be 

 encouraged both before and after cutting. Practically the only damage 

 done by cattle is cropping a few of the largest seedlings when forage 

 is covered by snow\ Necessarily, some small seedlings are tramped 

 out, but this damage is probably negligible. Bulls destroy some larger 

 seedlings by horning, {b) Sheep grazing is absolutely detrimental in 

 any pine forest not already fully stocked with trees two feet or more 

 in height. They must be excluded from cut-over lands, and should be 

 excluded some years in advance of cutting unless satisfactory repro- 

 duction is already present. Sheep feed not upon bunch grass, but 

 upon the soft grasses, herbs and young trees found among it. There- 

 fore, even if they did no damage to the young trees, they would not 

 keep down the bunch grass. 



Brush Disposal: In bunch-grass country, any form of brush dis- 

 posal which will prevent reasonably close grazing by cattle will more 

 or less effectually prevent reproduction. Brush should be burned, with 

 compact piling as second choice. Upon dry barren ridges and similar 

 south slopes, however, it should be thinly scattered in order to protect 

 the soil and encourage the growth of grass or any other soil-building 

 and soil-holding vegetation. When brush is roughly scattered without 

 close and flat lopping the efifect is to prevent sufficiently close grazing. 

 No seedlings grow under pulled tops or brush piles, and only among 

 the thinnest of scattered brush by reason either of too much shade or 

 too much competition with grasses and weeds. 



The matter of securing reproduction prior to cutting is not a dream. 

 1 believe it can be done practically anywhere. On the Carson Forest 

 we have large areas of pine with absolutely no reproduction, save it 

 be a few of the 1919 crop which the sheep haven't yet gotten to. Also, 

 on areas not grazed by sheep, we have large tracts already plentifully 

 stocked with pine from pole size up. and the forest floor literally 

 sprinkled with seedlings two to six or eight years old. On these latter 

 areas we could cut every merchantable-sized tree and run no risk except 

 that of fire — -entirely too great a risk, however— and be assured of a 

 stand to promptly take its place. 



