650 JOURNAL OF FORESTRY 



the latter species are found almost exclusively under the crowns of 

 either the mother or nurse trees of other species. 



Many seedlings and trees of varying ages are found along stream 

 courses within Wagon Tire Flat. This distribution is obviously 

 caused by flood waters. In such places Utah juniper is always found 

 growing at greater distances from the seed trees than are seedlings 

 of one-seed juniper. This fact is undoubtedly due to the compara- 

 tively lighter and more bulky Utahensis seed. 



The presence of seedlings on every acre of Wagon Tire Flat cannot 

 be explained by distribution of seed by water, for the greater part of 

 the area, although generally level, is never reached by flood waters. 

 Cattlemen in the vicinity stated that sheep eat the juniper berries, and 

 the seeds are scattered by passing through these animals. Seed dis- 

 semination, however, has taken place within the past 35 years or since 

 the time domestic stock has used the range. 



Some time was spent in watching sheep grazing in the woodland 

 forest to see if they could be detected in the act of eating juniper ber- 

 ries, but no proof was obtained. However, there was plenty of good 

 forage available at the time and place the observations were made. 



For some time no evidences were found that seed actually passed 

 through the sheep, until one day a Utah juniper seedling was noticed 

 growing through sheep manure. Further examination showed that the 

 seed coat was still enclosed within the dried manure. There was no 

 doubt as to the manner in which this seed had reached the place of 

 germination. The area surrounding this seedling had been used as a 

 bedding ground in the fall of 1919. Within a radius of five feet 

 around the original seedling, three other seedlings were found in the 

 same stage of development and eleven ungerminated seed still enclosed 

 within the dried manure. After the original discovery many more 

 seed were found under similar conditions, sometimes at distances 

 exceeding a mile from the nearest mature trees. 



Evidently coyotes and other native animals also eat juniper berries, 

 for their manure is frequently found containing many seed. 



CONCIvUSIONS 



Dissemination of Utah juniper seed on open areas is caused chiefly 

 by sheep. 



On the Verde-Ash Fork Working Circle of the Tusayan National 

 Forest from 10,000 to 15,000 acres of grass land have been reforested 

 through the agency of sheep. 



