pl;riodical tn'ERATuRi-: 941 



primary imjiortance to have a sunny site ; on cool, shaded sites the oak- 

 is always suppressed. The planting of single oaks in preference to 

 rows or groups is not recommended for two reasons ; the oak is senti- 

 mentally favored in cutting contrary to the best economic results, and 

 when the stand is opened the trees develop trunk sprouts and invariably 

 become stag-headed. It is of primary importance not to plant oak in 

 advance of the beech seeding, since a "green" forest floor is necessary 

 to protect the oak seedlings from extermination by game animals. 



J. R. 

 -iiiller. Forstliclic Mittciltiiujcn aiis don Freussisclicn Soiling. Zeitschr. 

 Forst-u. Jagdw., 51:225-247, 301-307. 1919. 



The question asked in the title ("Wliat is the 

 Sowing or present style: Sowing or -planting?") explains a 



Planting F condition v/hich has been all too evident in Ger- 



man forestry. The present style establishes the 

 present practice of reproducing new. stands, and the more striking a 

 new idea is, the cjuicker it is put into use, and it stays in use until a 

 newer idea completely supersedes it, and any desirable points in the 

 first idea, instead of being fostered, are dropped in toto with the old 

 idea. The style at present, ^rrth large areas of cut-over land lying bare 

 and man-power scarce, is plowing and sowing with drill machines. 

 Failures must be replaced by planting. When the present post-war 

 conditions gradually disappear, planting will again come into its own. 

 The pine is a cultural plant, that is, with the present objects of manage- 

 ment (a closed, clean-boled stand) in view, nature cannot provide 

 conditions ideal for pine reproductiorf and culture must combat nature 

 to secure a new stand of pine. Natural regeneration is secured only 

 after heavy seed years on completely open areas, or in openings only 

 under side shading. Artificial sowing is successful only when the 

 seedlings will have a continuous moisture supply, so that the tap root 

 can push through the humus, which plays an important part in deter- 

 mining the success of efforts to reproduce the stand, and secure a hold 

 in the soil. Ordinarily, the seedling under the influence of the humus 

 layer develops a superficial root system and easily succumbs during 

 periods of drought. Planting does away with this ; not only does the 

 seedling develop a deep root system but the loosened soil in the hole is 

 an excellent moisture reservoir and medium for transferring moisture 

 into the lower soil through the upper, more or less impervious sub-soil. 



