266 EDEMA IN LARVAL AND ADULT ANURA 



the course of 23 hours and 25 minutes, at the end of which time the forceps was 

 removed. The toad was in a comatose condition and a few drops of fluid could 

 be expressed from the cloaca. The toad was not killed, and at the end of 8 hours 

 and 30 minutes, after removal of forceps, had regained its normal weight and 

 was very active. 



Experiment 4. — When killed the toad had gained 40 per cent in weight in the 

 course of 5 hours and 45 minutes and was still quite active. In ligating the 

 ureters with a silk ligature which passed under the ureters and over the urostyle, 

 a large blood vessel was punctured. The subcutaneous lymph sinuses of the body 

 contained 7.1 gm. of a clear fluid which coagulated on exposure to air, and the 

 body cavity 4.3 gm. of a fluid in which considerable blood was present. The 

 excess of fluid remaining in the tissues after removal of fluid from the lymph 

 sinuses and body cavity amounted to 7.1 gm. The lungs, kidneys, and sub- 

 cutaneous blood vessels were intensely congested. 



Experiment 5. — In this instance the ureters were compressed by a small metal 

 clamp, the jaws of which pressed tightly upon, but did not cut into the tissues. 

 When the toad was killed it was very weak and had gained only 30 per cent 

 in weight in the course of 24 hours and 5 minutes. On removal of clamp no 

 fluid could be expressed from the cloaca. About 7.7 gm. of a slightly bloody 

 fluid were removed from the subcutaneous lymph sinuses and only 1 gm. of a 

 clear fluid containing albumin was found in the body cavity. The excess of 

 fluid still remaining in the tissues after its removal from the lymph sinuses and 

 body cavity amounted to 7.9 gm. The lungs were greatly expanded and intensely 

 congested. Marked signs of congestion were observed on the abdomen, espe- 

 cially in the region of the pelvis. 



Experiment 6. — This illustrates an instance in which a gradual increase in body 

 weight is followed by a slight decrease, and then succeeded by a gradual and 

 progressive increase in body weight which develops into an intense form of gener- 

 alized edema. In this particular case an artery forceps was used in which the 

 teeth had been filed down so that they would not cut into the tissues, and the 

 pressure exerted on the ureters was also relatively slight. When the "toad was 

 killed it had gained only 39.7 per cent in weight in the course of 48 hours and 40 

 minutes. The slow progress of the edema was probably due to an incomplete 

 ligation of the ureters. On removal of forceps about 2.1 gm. of semifluid excreta 

 were expressed from the cloaca. The fluid removed from the subcutaneous lymph 

 sinuses was clear, coagulated on exposure to air, and amounted 10*4.2 gm. The 

 fluid present in the body cavity was extremely bloody and also weighed 4.2 gm. 

 The excess of fluid still remaining in the tissues after its removal from the lymph 

 sinuses and body cavity amounted to 8.8 gm. The lungs, kidneys, left oviduct, 

 mesenteries, and subcutaneous blood vessels were intensely congested. 



The toad was weighed twenty-one times in the course of this experiment. Only 

 the more critical data, however, are mentioned in Table I. 



