JACQUES LOEB 



737 



TABLE V — Concluded. 



B. Electrolytes towards which water acts as if it were negatively charged. 



Molecular 

 concen- 

 tration. 



m/192 

 m/512 

 m/512 

 m/512 

 m/512 

 m/320 



m/128 

 m/320 

 m/320 



m/128 

 m/128 

 m/128 

 m/192 

 m/192 

 m/192 

 m/256 

 M/Z56 



Nature 

 of electrolyte. 



BeCl2 



CezCle 



La2Cl6 



AI2CI6 



Cr2(N03)6... 



ThCl4 



BeS04 



Al2(S04)3 



Cr2(S04)3... 



HCl 



HNO3 



Acetic acid. . 



H2SO4 



Oxalic acid. . 

 Tartaric acid 

 Citric acid . . 

 H3PO4 



PH 



4.5 

 5.1 

 5.2 

 3.8 



3.2 



3.5 

 3.8 



2.1 

 3.3 



2.2 

 2.6 

 3.0 



2.4 



Approximate molecular 

 concentration of balancing solu- 

 tion of cane sugar. 



m/8 



m/4 



Slightly above 3m/8 



m/2 



" less than m/2 



" above 3m/8 



m/64 



m/8 



m/32 



Less than 



m/32 

 m/64 

 m/64 

 m/64 

 m/64 

 m/64 

 m/64 

 m/64 



Approximate value of e 

 in atmospheres. 



2.8 



5.6 



Slightly above 8.4 



" 11.2 



" below 11.2 



" above 8.4 



0.3 

 2.8 

 0.7 



About 



0.7 



0.3 



























The electrolytes of Group B, including all salts with trivalent and 

 tetravalent cations, influence the rate of diffusion of water as if the 

 water molecules were negatively charged, being attracted by the 

 cation and repelled by the anion. The correctness of this assump- 

 tion lies in the fact that the attraction of this group for water is 

 greater when the anion is univalent than when it is bivalent, the re- 

 pelling action being greater in the latter case. Thus the value for e 

 is in Group B greater when the anion is a chloride than when it is 

 a sulfate, while in the preceding group of electrolytes towards which 

 water was positively charged the sulfates acted more strongly than 

 the chlorides or nitrates or hydroxides. 



The acids belong to Group B, although the hydrogen ion carries 

 only one charge. But the latter fact is compensated by the smallness 

 of the "ionic radius" of hydrogen which is the smallest of all ele- 

 ments. This smallness of the "ionic radius" makes the electrostatic 

 action of the positively charged nucleus comparatively strong. Li 

 comes next among the univalent cations in smallness of "ionic radius" 



