JACQUES LOEB 741 



were filled with a dilute solution of the electrolyte the influence of 

 which on the electrification of water was to be tested. The collodion 

 bag was suspended in a beaker containing the same solution of the 

 electrolyte as the bag, the two solutions being identical in every re- 

 spect, nature of solute, concentration, and pH. By pushing the glass 

 tube (manometer) a little deeper into the bag the liquid was adjusted 

 so that it rose in the glass tube about 25 mm. above the level in the 

 beaker. One electrode (platinum wire) was dipped into the glass 

 tube, another into the beaker, and a constant current was sent through 

 with an intensity of about 4.8 milliampere. This intensity was kept 

 constant whenever possible. The level of the liquid in the glass tube 

 was measured at the beginning of the experiipient and it was easy to 

 determine the sign of the electrification of the water molecules by ob- 

 serving whether the current caused the liquid in the glass tube to rise 

 or to fall. When the anode was in the glass tube and the water rose 

 we could be sure that the water was negatively charged, and when the 

 level of the water fell rapidly under such conditions in the tube, we 

 could be sure that the water was positively charged. When it fell very 

 slowly the fall might have been due to the pressure head in the glass 

 tube. A reversal of the direction of the current removed any doubt 

 that might arise. The experiments gave a complete confirmation of 

 the assumption made in the two rules. 



It was found that in the presence of solutions of neutral salts be- 

 longing to Group A (Table V), i.e. salts or hydroxides with uni- 

 valent cations, the water migrated to the cathode and hence was posi- 

 tively charged, as our theory demands. The following salts were 

 tried: m/1000 and m/500 LiCl, m/1000 and m/500 Li2S04, m/256 

 NaCl, m/1000 Naa oxalate, m/128 Na2S04, m/256 Na acetate, m/256 

 LiOH, m/256 NaOH, m/1000 KCl, m/512 K2 oxalate, m/1024 K3 

 citrate, and m/1000 K4Fe(CN)6. 



In solutions of the neutral salts with bivalent cation, m/512 MgCl2, 

 CaCl2, SrCl2, and BaCl2, water migrated neither to the anode nor to 

 the cathode; these salts did not cause, or only to a very slight de- 

 gree, an electrification of the water molecules as was to be expected. 

 m/512 CaS04 on the other hand, induced a slight migration of water 

 to the cathode, as our theory demanded. 



