38 JOURNAL OF THE [April, 



you will also see here illustrated in the same manner the more 

 intricate specimens of various pulps for paper-making, composed 

 of linen, cotton, mechanical and chemical wood processes, besides 

 one slide purporting to be *' cottonseed-hull pulp," but which 

 instead proves to be of coniferous wood, as you will readily see 

 from its well-known characteristics (Plate 40, Fig. 11). 



Let us go a little further and examine the finished papers, 

 portions of which we have here upon our slides. Previous to 

 mounting these Dr. Stillman prepared them for the purpose of 

 eliminating the sizing, rosin, filling, etc., with which they were 

 finished. This is accomplished in this manner : Cut the finished 

 paper in small pieces, and place them in a beaker, adding a suf- 

 ficient quantity of a solution of caustic soda (caustic soda one 

 part, water thirty parts). Digest the paper just below the boiling 

 point for about fifteen minutes. Pour off the liquid and replace 

 with double the quantity of distilled water. Pour off this water and 

 wash once again in the same manner. Add the same quantity of 

 a solution composed of fifteen parts of distilled water to one of 

 hydrochloric acid. Digest ten minutes with a gentle heat. Pour 

 off this liquid and wash in warm distilled water about three 

 times, then dry the paper for mounting in glycerin or balsam. 

 In order to get some contrast in the fibres for photographing, 

 stain them lightly with hgematoxylin. 



As an example of pure linen paper shown here, and which is 

 becoming somewhat scarce in the market, I have extracted a 

 specimen from a railroad bond now twenty-two years old (Plate 

 39, Fig. 3). We have here also a specimen of a sheet which is 

 water-marked "Royal Irish Linen." a letter paper sold at a good 

 price. Inspect this under a microscope, and you will have no 

 difficulty in finding a fair proportion of cotton mixed therein 

 (Plate 39, Fig. 4). In the slide (No. 6) already mentioned as 

 from our "suspected paper" you will see scattered through it but 

 little linen, and will see some woody indications, with plenty of 

 cotton ; but, on account of the tearing-up. pulping, and repulping 

 process it has undergone, it will be found very difficult to elimi- 

 nate the various disintegrated fibres therein contained. The 

 sheet from which the specimen on slide No. 13 was taken is 

 called by the manufacturer "parchment paper." I regret to 

 have mislaid this sheet. This was a strong, nicely glazed, and 



