INVERTEBRATA, CRYPTOGAMIA, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 863- 



pore-caBuls are lined, like the zooecia and cancelli, with a thin animal 

 substance, which is readily dyed by any aniline colour, &c., by which 

 means the pore-canals are rendered beautifully distinct in thin 

 sections. 



The chief points of difference between the New Zealand and 

 Japanese forms would seem to consist (1) in the difference of habit 

 — the branches in H. pelliculata appearing to be longer and more 

 terete and to be occasionally connate, whilst in H. neozelanica they 

 are short and not terete, expanding and never joined together ; and 

 (2) in the absence in H. neozelanica of the calcareous pellicle or 

 epitheca, left after incineration in H. pelliculnta. 



Cyphonautes.* — Herr Eepiachoff has some notes on this very 

 interesting Polyzoan larva. He states that, by the aid of reagents, he 

 has been able to show that the oesophagus (Schneider) passes gradually 

 into a " vestibule " which is pretty sharply marked off from the next 

 succeeding portion of the enteric tract. The " foot " (Claparede) or 

 " bud " (Hatschek) is shown to be made up of two portions ; a sucker- 

 like thickening of the external epithelium, which is fringed by cilia, 

 and a superiorly lying aggregation of cells, which occupies a similar 

 position to the so-called " endodermal bud " of the larvte of the allied 

 forms Pedicellina and Tendra. The creature is, further, stated to be 

 provided with distinctly striated muscular fibres. The retractile foot 

 is regarded as being homologous with the " oral groove " of other 

 Cheilostomatous larvae, while their so-called " sucker " seems to be 

 completely atrophied. 



Arthropoda. 

 a. Insecta. 



Nervous System of Insects. f — The results of M. Brandt's 

 researches on 1032 species taken from most of the families of the 

 Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, show that : — • 



i. In some forms, as Stijlops, the suboesophageal ganglion fuses 

 with the next posterior one. ii. The "convolutions" of the brain 

 occur in all. iii. The convolutions vary in different individuals of 

 the same species, and notably are less developed in males of the social 

 Hymenoptera than in the females and workers, iv. A connection is 

 apparent between the development of the instincts and that of the 

 brain hemispheres, — not of the whole brain, v. The upper lip nerves 

 rise from the oesophageal nerve-ring. vi. Where two thoracic ganglia 

 exist, the first corresponds either to the first larval ganglion or to the 

 first two ; the second of the adult corresponds to one or two thoracic 

 and one or two abdominal ganglia, vii. The number of ganglia may 

 vary in different individuals of the same species — e. g. in the bee 

 and in the wasp. viii. The penultimate abdominal ganglion may 

 be complex, instead of the ultimate one. ix. Bomhus and Tenthredo 

 have a thoracic sympathetic system constructed like that of the 

 abdomen. x. Two types of transformation occur in the nervous 

 system ; one, the inverse of that usual in insects, being the resolution 



* ' Zool. Anzeiger,' ii. (1879) p. 517. 



t ' Comptes Rendus,' Ixxxix. (1879) p. 475. 



