1912] The ISTaval Stokes Industry 123 



distillery which combines the features of continuous distillation 

 in a partial vacuum and condensation by pressure of the waste 

 spirits of turpentine vapors from the ordinary condenser in a 

 second condenser attached to the first, thus increasing notably 

 the yield of volatile oil and improving the quality of the rosin. 



THE INDUSTRY IN OTHER COUNTRIES. 



There is no need of any especial consideration of the Spanish 

 industry, which has developed considerably during the past 

 decade. The operations are essentially the same as the French, 

 and the same species of pine, Pinus Maritima, is exploited. 



In Austria the industry is more limited and is even more de- 

 structive than by the old American system ; a " box " being cut 

 in the base of the tree, Pinus Laricio, and the trunk of the tree 

 scarified for at least fifty per cent, of its circumference, the 

 oleoresin being directed towards the center of the scarified sur- 

 face by thin wooden strips inserted in downward cuts in 

 the tree. 



In Russia the chief tree exploited is Pinus Sylvestris. Cli- 

 matic conditions do not admit of the usual process of collecting 

 the crude turpentine at regular intervals. Instead, the trees 

 are scarified in the spring over a space about three feet high 

 and almost encircling the tree. During the year a mass of hard- 

 ened rosin collects on this surface. In the winter it is scraped 

 from the tree and distilled for its volatile oil and resin. This 

 process is repeated for five years. The tree is then felled and 

 the rosinous portion of the tree subjected to destructive distilla- 

 tion. In other districts no effort is made to collect the rosin 

 from the trees annually, but this is allowed to remain until the 

 end of the fifth year of scarification. The tree is then felled 

 and that part containing the rosin distilled first at a low tem- 

 perature to obtain the volatile oil, then at a more elevated tem- 

 perature to obtain tar and charcoal by destructive distillation 

 of the wood. 



The spirits of turpentine from Germany, Sweden, and Fin- 

 land, seems to be a product solely of the destructive distillation 

 of resinous wood. 



