1913] Zoo-Geography 21 



woodchuck, gray squirrel, common deer mouse and common 

 mole do not occur above it. 



With birds the case is quite similar. The scarlet tanager, ■ 

 rosebreasted grosbeak, vesper sparrow, Carolina junco, song 

 sparrow, Baltimore oriole, Oaims, Canadian, blackthroated 

 green, blackburnian, golden-winged, and chestnut-sided war- 

 blers, Bewck's wren, warbling vireo, Wilson's thrush, least fly- 

 catcher and ruffed grouse not ranging below it, while the Caro- 

 lina wren, crow, tufted tit, bluegraj gnatcatcher, bro^^^l thrasher, 

 yellowthroated vireo, Kentucky warbler, summer tanager, field 

 sparrow, acadian flycatcher, and redbellied woodpecker do not 

 pass beyond its upper limits. Xot all of either class however 

 ranges throughout its whole extent, a noteworthy exception 

 being the Carolina junco, which is essentially a bird of the 

 Canadian zone, but ranges in diminished numbers down to 3,000 

 feet, or about half way through the Alleghanian zone, and there 

 are many similar instances. 



In reptiles the milk snake alone appears to be confined to 

 this zone, but the ring-necked snake, banded rattlesnake, garter 

 snake, northern water snake, black chicken snake, black snake, 

 fence lizard, blue-tailed lizard, and perhaps others also occur 

 here as well as in the warmer zones below, and some of them 

 may enter the Canadian zone above. 



Its characteristic amphibians are wholly salamanders, the 

 most widely distributed being the mountain triton (Desmog- 

 nathus 4:-macuIatus) which occur in small streams throughout its 

 whole extent. Another species is the round-tailed triton (Des- 

 mognaihus achrophea) which though ranging in diminished 

 numbers down to 3,000 ft. reaches its greatest abundance in 

 the Canadian zone above. Daniel's triton (Spelerpes danielsi) 

 and Schenck's triton (Spelerpes schencki), the former a rare, 

 the latter a common, species seem to be confined to this zone. 

 The viscid salamander extends upwards through this zone to 

 about 3,500 ft. at which elevation it is replaced by Metcalf's 

 salamander. 



3. The Upper Austral or Carolinian Zone. This includes the 

 central portion of the state, West and North of a line drawn 



