1913] Zoo-Geography 23 



not seem to extend their range mucli if any beyond its southern 

 limits, while the northern water snake, although normally not 

 occurring below this zone, ranges in this state throughout the 

 Lower Austral also. 



Among amphibians, the spotted salamander, marbled sala- 

 mander and Holbrook's triton occur throughout it but not 

 above its upper boundary, while the range of the pickerel frog 

 does not extend below its southern limits. 



From the Lower Austral it is mainly distinguished by the 

 absence of the long list of reptiles and amphibians occurring in 

 that zone and not above it. Some of these however enter the 

 Upper Austral along its southern border, thus we have the 

 green lizard recorded from Tryon in Polk County, and Albe- 

 marle in Stanley County, while the glass snake has been taken 

 at Statesville. Other records of Lower Austral forms possibly 

 still more surprising are of the lubber grasshopper near Con- 

 cord in Cabarrus County, and a true scorpion at Tryon in 

 Polk County. 



4. Lower Austral Zone, includes the remainder of the state, 

 namely all lying south and east of a line drawn from near Wel- 

 don to Ealeigh, and thence to Charlotte, and it may be as well 

 to give some idea of how we came to locate the line. In the 

 first place, Raleigh, where the fauna is known in its entirety 

 for all practical purposes, has a thoroughly mixed fauna and 

 can hardly be placed in either zone, thus both the whippoorwill 

 and chuckwillswidow, one typically Upper, and the other typi- 

 cally Lower Austral, both occur and breed. Other Upper 

 Austral breeding birds are the robin, goldfinch, mountain 

 vireo, and yellow warbler, while the prothonotary warbler, a 

 Lower Austral form, barely reaches Raleigh. In reptiles we 

 have here the following Upper Austral species: brown king 

 snake, queen snake, black chicken snake, northern water snake, 

 and painted terrapin, and these Lower Austral forms : glass 

 snake, com snake, southern water snake, cottonmouth, red- 

 bellied water snake, crowned tantilla, red king snake, scarlet 

 snake, and two species of terrapin {Pseudemys concinna and 

 P. scripta). In amphibians the balance also turns to the Lower 



