June, '19] MOSHER: EUROPEAN CORN AND OTHER BORERS 267 



in penitalis as shown in Fig. 13, no. 34. In a very few instances the 

 arrangement in nuhilalis was found to approach that of -penitalis, but 

 the majority of cases showed the sculpturing as in Fig. 13, no. 32. 



The sensory pores (Fig. 13, no. 35 s. p.) are usually more elongate in 

 nuhilalis, but vary in the two species. 



The remaining species either had conspicuous black or brown spots 

 around the bases of the setse, as in P. futilalis and P. ilUbalis, or very 

 pale yellowish ones. None of these had the chitinized marks (sensory 

 pores) caudad of the spiracles on the proleg-bearing segments as in the 

 previous group. P. futilalis has very large hooks on the prolegs and 

 these extend around about two-thirds of the circumference. The 

 labrum is more deeply notched than any of the others and the spiracles 

 are decidedly oblong, edged with a prominent black chitinous ring. 

 The full-grown larvae average 25 mm. in length. P. illihalis is distin- 

 guished by the ver}' small prolegs often with black tips. These bear 

 very much smaller hooks than any of the others and when these are 

 retracted the end of the proleg outside the hooks is seen to be covered 

 with minute spines. The labrum is notched like futilalis but edged 

 with a band of black. The spiracles are nearly circular with a narrow 

 pale brown ring. The average length of a mature larva is 20 mm. 



Noctuidw. — There are quite a number of noctuid borers and all easily 

 recognized by the characters given in the key. Several species of 

 this family, such as Arza77ia obliqua and Nonagria ohlonga, which 

 normally bore in the stalks of the cat-tail, have been reported from 

 corn. Other noctuid borers are the iris borer, Macronoctna onusta, 

 certain species of Hadena reported from corn, Chloridea virescens 

 which attacks tobacco, etc. Of all the species of noctuid borers, there 

 were only available, Papaipema nitela, the common stalk borer, P. 

 furcata, P. nehris, and P. cataphracta, Heliothis ohsoleta, the corn ear 

 worm and Achatodes zeoj, the spindle worm. These genera may be 

 easily separated by the figures given of each. The stripes on P. nitela, 

 the commonest borer, are not always very distinct, especially in the 

 younger stages. The sixth seta on the shield (Fig. 14, no. 43 a) and the 

 second spiracular (Fig. 14, no. 43 6) are usuallj^ very weak or wanting. 

 This genus has been carefully studied by Mr. Henry Bird who has 

 written descriptions of many species of larvae. H. ohsoleta often bores in 

 stalks and the young stages look considerably like the European corn 

 borer, and has been found in stalks infested by thorn. The skin 

 sculpturing (Fig. 14, no. 39) is distinctive, no matter what the coloration. 

 It consists of large spiny cuticular appendages, with alternating small 

 spines, while minute ones fill up the spaces. Achatodes zea is always 

 white with small black spots around the setse, and the most easily 

 recognized of all the noctuid borers. It is found in a variety of plants 



