August, '19] MORRILL: SWEETS IN POISONED BAITS 337 



damage, particularly to the native toy on or Christmas berry; the San 

 Jose scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comstock, and Lecanium corni Bouche 

 which infest a number of trees, often doing damage. 



Scale insects are by no means the only pests of shade trees. Indeed 

 there are quite a number of other pests which are of prime importance, 

 among which may be enumerated: the California oak Worm, Phrygan- 

 idia californica Pack., which spasmodically defoHates the oaks through- 

 out the coast region of California; another defoliater, an oak worm 

 looper, Therina somniaria Hulst., which is destructive to oak fohage 

 in Oregon and farther north; the cypress bark-beetles, Phloeosinus 

 cupressi Hopk. and P. cristatus Lee. which kill quite a number of 

 cypresses yearly; the oak twig girdler, Agrilus angelicus Horn, which 

 kills many oak twigs, sometimes injuring trees beyond recovery; 

 the carpenter worm, Prionoxystus rohiniae Peck, which injures 

 oaks, elms and cottonwoods by honey-combing the bark and wood, 

 the flat-headed borers, Chrysohothris femorata. Fab. and C. mali Horn, 

 which destroy the cambium of a great variety of shade as well 

 as fruit trees; a bark-beetle in oaks, Pityophthorus pubipennis Lee, 

 and three in pines, Dendroctonus valens Lee, Ips radiatae Hopk. and 

 Ips plastographus Lee. which at times are quite destructive. 



Many other insects might be mentioned but these will serve to 

 indicate our more important shade tree problems. Within the next 

 few years it is hoped that we may be able to add considerably to the 

 knowledge of western shade tree pests. 



THE VALUE OF MOLASSES AND SYRUPS IN POISONED 

 BAITS FOR GRASSHOPPERS AND CUTWORMS 



By A. W, Morrill, Phoenix, Ariz. 



During the summer of 1917, experiments were conducted with grass- 

 hopper baits which tended to show that molasses as an ingredient was 

 unnecessary when used against the differential grasshopper (Melan- 

 oplus differentialis). A continuation of these experiments with grass- 

 hopper baits during 1918 and experiments with poisoned baits against 

 cutworms has increased the evidence against molasses for the species 

 of grasshoppers and cutworms under observation. 



History of Poisoned Baits with Reference to ]\Iolasses 



The experiments referred to have lead to an examination of the 

 literature on the subject of grasshoppers and cutworm baits in order 

 to determine the origin of the use of molasses in connection with such 

 baits. Apparently the first published reference to poisoned bran 



