160 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 5 



followed certain caustic but we are assured well-meant criticisms on 

 the part of our western co-workers. More or less of controversy has 

 arisen, and this has centered principally on two questions. Stated 

 chronologically these are, first, the necessity or not of filling the inner 

 calyx cup; and second, the sufficiency or not of the so-called one- 

 spray method. Doctor Ball of Utah was the first to point out the 

 importance under western conditions of spraying in such a way as to 

 force the poison into the inner calyx cup; and the sufficiency of the 

 one-spray method was advocated by Professor Melander a year or 

 two later. Several eastern entomologists have now investigated 

 these as well as other points in connection with the control of the 

 codling moth under their conditions. It would now seem that suffi- 

 cient information on the subject has been accumulated to warrant 

 drawing general conclusions at least. 



Filling the Inner Calyx Cup. Referring first to the matter of filling 

 the inner calyx cup, it seems clear from the studies which have been 

 made that a difference in behavior of the stamen bars, as respects 

 their shriveling, must be admitted for the two regions under considera- 

 tion. Several observers in the East agree that on certain standard 

 commercial varieties, the stamen bars remain turgid and effectively 

 protect the cavity below from sprays applied during the period that 

 the calyx lobes are spread. The filaments begin to shrivel, it is true, 

 as the calyx lobes are closing, but this does not occur for the most 

 part until it is too late to do effective spraying. The turgid condition 

 of the stamen bars was well shown by Slingerlancl (Journal of Economic 

 Entomology, Vol. 1, p. 352), and Sanderson (19th to 20th Reports, 

 New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station, pp. 443-448,) on 

 this point states: "As mentioned above, the sepals usually close 

 about one week or at most ten days after the blossoms drop. At this 

 time the stamens are still entirely turgid, and no spray can be forced 

 between them, no matter how high the power or coarse the spray." 

 From Mr. Lloyd's experience in Illinois (111. Sta. Bull. 114, p. 384), 

 we infer a rather different condition as regards the stamen bars, as 

 he was able with comparatively low pressure and a heavy spray, to 

 poison the inner calyx cavity of a majority of the apples treated. It 

 is not stated what variety of apples were used and whether the spray- 

 ing was begun promptly after the falling of the petals, or some days 

 later. 



The experiences of several workers in the Bureau of Entomology, 

 substantiate on the whole the results of Professors Slingerland and 

 Sanderson. Mr. Jenne in Arkansas however, during 1909, in the 

 course of experiments on the one-spray method, was able in frequent 

 instances to force a spray below the stamen bars. In the experience 



