164 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 5 



small, and used a larger one, but it didn't seem to give a satisfactory 

 dash spray. That is, the drops broke and became too fine, and so we 

 simply turned the hole free of the edge of the nozzle and shot a solid 

 stream, which ran something like five or six feet before breaking up, 

 using about sixteen gallons of fluid to the tree. We did that year 

 before last. This last year we took the regular Bordeaux nozzle and 

 shoved it over so as to make the edge of the hole catch the edge of the 

 nozzle holder, and thus throw a fan-shaped spray, like that Mr. Ball 

 has described. Both years we examined the calyx very carefully to 

 see if we got any poison into it. These examinations, I am sorry to 

 say, revealed a very small percentage of penetration, and when I 

 worked up the summary of the two years' results, I found but little 

 in favor of the dash, as opposed to the mist spray. Now, in order 

 that, you may understand the nature of the data upon which these 

 statements are founded, I will say that our experimental plats were, 

 in all cases, five rows wide; that the trees for count were taken from 

 the middle row of each plat; that the check plat was, the first year, 

 on one side of the orchard, and, the next year, on the other side of the 

 orchard. We used the check-plat method. Of course, our check 

 plat was the same size as the others, and we made our counts in the 

 same way. We took into consideration all of the fruit that set on 

 the trees selected, and we counted from six to ten trees per plat. I 

 am certainly inclined, from our small experience, to agree with the 

 statement of Professor Quaintance, that, in all probability, the stam- 

 inal ring retains its rigidity until the calyx is practically closed. 



E. D. Ball: Mr. President, everyone is, I think, agreed that the 

 first spray is the most efficient single spray that could be applied and 

 lest someone misinterprets the tables presented, let me say that the 

 second spray, or spray nine days later, is never used alone in actual 

 field work, but only as a supplementary spray to the first one where 

 the conditions demand it. 



When we have reduced the worms to 2 per cent or less, we use only 

 the first spray to keep them down. The point is, if the worms are 

 reduced to 2 per cent, the efficiency of the one spray is high enough 

 in connection with the added force of the enemies of the codling moth 

 to keep the worms down to this point. If conditions demand more 

 than one spray- — one spray and then banding would be used — then 

 two sprays and banding, and for bad conditions, two early sprays, 

 banding, and late sprays are often necessary. 



So that you may better understand the conditions that we are 

 sometimes called upon to meet in the West, I would like to call your 

 attention to a public statement of Prof. E. P. Taylor with reference 

 to the codling moth, and, as I was also in these orchards with Professor 



