166 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 5 



gauge on, I find that we have never used less than 120 pounds pressure. 

 The second mistake was recommending a Seneca nozzle for the driving 

 spray. I have never used one then and supposed that it was the same 

 as the true Bordeaux. As soon as I tried one, however, I found out 

 my mistake and have been careful ever since to specify the large 

 Bordeaux type and warn people against the small one. 



I am somewhat surprised to find that some of you have had poor 

 success in driving the poison into the calyx cups. There seems to be 

 no question about our doing it in the West, as I have frequently exam- 

 ined orchards with a hand lens and predicted in advance the success 

 that would result from the spraying. These conclusions have been 

 based on the amount of poison seen in the calyx, and have been mark- 

 edly successful. I took a satchel full of apples to the Northwestern 

 Fruit Growers' Association, cut them open before the growers and 

 put them under a miscroscope and showed the poison in the calyx 

 cup over nine months after the last spraying. 



E. P. Felt: Our experience has been that we could get poison 

 down into the calyx cup better in the Hudson Valley just after the 

 blossoms dropped, before the stamens shriveled to any extent, than 

 we could later, because later the stamens appeared to bar out the 

 drops of water. We used arsenate of lead, and made examinations 

 for penetration immediately after spraying, and if any drops were 

 seen we concluded that there had been penetration into the lower 

 calyx cup. If not, we knew there had not been. We looked for the 

 liquid before it had an opportunity to dry. 



T. J. Headlee: I have been wondering if Mr. Ball made a study 

 of the closing of the calyx cup in relation to the maintenance of rigidity 

 of the stamens, — whether in the West this staminate bar actually 

 shrivels up and breaks down, before the closing of the calyx cup. 



E D. Ball: It is unfortunate of course that we do not have Bald- 

 win apples in our western country. I think I have in this publication 

 here a copy of a sketch in which is shown the relation of the shriveling 

 of the stamens to the time of the closing of the calyx. At the time 

 in our western apples that the calyx cups begin to close but are still 

 quite open, the stamen bars are thick and fleshy and close together 

 like the fingers of one's hand. At this time it is very hard to force a 

 liquid through. Some can be driven through, however, by driving 

 straight in through the center where they curve out. Later, when the 

 green calyx lobes have come to a nearly upright position is the time 

 that we do our best work provided the nozzle is held close enough and 

 the spray driven straight into each one of these narrow funnels. By 

 this time, the stamen bars, as you look at them from the side, have 

 become curved and twisted and somewhat shriveled, as shown in this 



