April, '12] CODLING MOTH DISCUSSION 167 



second figure, and there are many spaces through which liquid can be 

 driven. It is a fact that last sprays in the fall of the year often do 

 considerable calyx good, as at that time the growing apple has again 

 opened the calyx cup and more poison can be forced in. 



I find that when I come to investigate the spraying of those that 

 have not had good results previously, I usually find that they do not 

 hold their nozzles close enough to the blossoms and do not turn the 

 spray around sufficiently to get a straight drive on every apple. If 

 you miss a calyx on a western apple, you have a calyx wormy apple 

 almost every time, so we do actually spray in the western country 

 until we are satisfied that there is not one apple in one hundred on 

 our trees that has not been driven straight into. This is not con- 

 jecture on our part. You cannot get away from the facts presented 

 in these records where we have had as many as four worms to an apple 

 in some cases and yet as high as 99 per cent calyx efficiency. There 

 is no question in my mind either but what the greater per cent of 

 this killing is done in the lower calyx cavity. If you fill the top cavity 

 above the stamen bars with poison, when they shrivel there is a con- 

 siderable likelihood that some of the poison will be knocked off and 

 dropped into the lower cavity, and increase the amount already driven 

 there. It is also probable that we get a considerable efficiency due to 

 the rearrangement of the poison on the trees during the summer. The 

 poison that has been placed on the leaves and bark of the smaller 

 branches and twigs will, as they rub together, tend to fall on the lower 

 apples and give a higher efficiency there than we get on the upper ones. 



P. J. Parrott: I am quite frequently confronted with some anom- 

 alous results in spraying for the codling moth in New York. I am at 

 times surprised at the satisfactory returns obtained by some of our 

 growers in spraying for this pest when considering how carelessly the 

 work is performed. Then there are other orchardists who, in spite 

 of careful spraying, experience considerable difficulty in ol)taining a 

 reasonable amount of protection. One of the great benefits that has 

 been derived from the discussions in recent years upon methods of 

 combating the codling moth is the emphasis that has been placed upon 

 thoroughness of treatment. The discussion of this subject at Balti- 

 more led me to make some tests to determine how far the spraying 

 mixture penetrated into the center of the blossom part. We used a 

 high-pressure spraying outfit and cochineal to stain the mixture but 

 I was surprised how ineffective was our spraying as conducted in our 

 usual fashion. It was apparent that we were not taking enough pains 

 to treat all of the blossoms, nor were we using enough spray material. 

 I have since encouraged our growers to use spraying mixtures more 

 liberally and to spend more time with each tree. When the bordeaux 



