April, '12] BURGESS: SHADE TREE PESTS 173 



have found lodgment and have caused more damage than they were 

 accustomed to in their native homes. As a result of the threatened 

 destruction of trees public interest has been stimulated in the matter 

 and it is doubtless true that more work is now being done on shade 

 trees in this section than in any other region of the same size in the 

 United States. 



Among the very serious European pests that have been introduced 

 are the gypsy moth, the brown-tail moth, the elm leaf beetle, the 

 leopard moth and the European bark beetle, {Eccopfogaster multis- 

 triata Marsh) Avhich latter is causing enormous damage to elm trees, 

 especially in Cambridge. 



In the early nineties, when the gypsy moth was found in the sub- 

 urbs of Boston, much interest was aroused in protecting shade trees 

 and forests from this destructive pest, and as a result new methods were 

 devised for carrying on warfare against this insect and excellent results 

 were secured. During the summer of- 1897, when this insect was 

 under control and when its capacity for harm had been reduced to 

 such an extent that it could be controlled by what would be now 

 considered a moderate appropriation, it was discovered that another 

 European pest, known as the brown-tail moth, had become established 

 in the same region and was causing considerable injury. This dis- 

 covery was most discouraging, owing to the fact that the annual 

 expenditure for keeping the gypsy moth in check seemed to be as 

 large as could be raised for such a purpose. Both insects, however, 

 were fought by the best means that were then known and in 1900, 

 when the State work was finally discontinued, they were under suffi- 

 cient control so that no serious injury was being caused in the residen- 

 tial sections. 



During the next four years these pests increased enormously and a 

 large amount of damage resulted. In the meantime, however, their 

 work, on the elm trees, was supplemented by the annual appearance 

 of the elm leaf beetle, which caused permanent injury if no remedies 

 were applied. 



This condition stimulated the interest of the citizens throughout 

 the affected section and much money was expended by private owners, 

 as well as by some of the towns and cities surrounding Boston, for the 

 purpose of protecting the shade trees within their borders. 



After the State w^ork was resumed in 1905 more attention than 

 ever was paid to the protection of trees in the cities and public parks 

 and although it has been confined strictly to fighting the gypsy moth 

 and the brown-tail moth, it has aroused interest and caused many 

 owners as well as many of the cities and towTis, all of which are pro- 



