August, '12] GEE: SAPERDA CALCARATA -337 



mens from as far south as Texas and South CaroHna. According 

 to him " the adult makes a small slit in the bark and deposits its 

 eggs underneath the surface." In many places along the trunk patches 

 of dead bark were observed, the removal of which showed the old 

 marks of the larvae having bored in the inner bark and outer sap- 

 wood some months before. From these places large openings leading 

 to irregular galleries through the outer sap-wood and into the heart 

 were observed. In the trunks of the broken trees careful cutting 

 showed only well advanced pupae at this date. A conservative 

 estimate would place the number of such pupae found in one tree 

 examined with this end in view at about sixty within a distance of 

 four feet in length of the trunk. In Albany, N. Y., Felt states that 

 in early June he has found pupae, but no beetles bred therefrom until 

 into July. From pupae gathered on the above mentioned date, 

 April 20, and placed, some of them in sawdust well moistened, the 

 others "remaining in the wood brought in, beetles were bred out May 6, 

 a couple of months ahead of the emergence period reported from 

 New . York. This wide difference in the emergence period between 

 New York and South Carolina is perhaps to be explained as the 

 cumulative effect of the higher average temperatures of this locality, 

 shortening the life cycle by some sixty days or more. The completion 

 of the life history is recorded by Felt as requiring three years. 



The pupae found were in cells well toward the centre of the tree. 

 Felt in describing the pupal chamber of this form saj^s, " the top is 

 smoothly cut and the other end is packed closely with coarse fibres 

 which are attached to the side of the gallery at one end, and the por- 

 tion next the pupa is packed with much finer borings and then coated 

 with very fine sawdust." The accompanying figure, plate 8, shows a 

 pupa in situ. 



The damage done by this form consists in its weakening effect on 

 the trunk of the tree, together with, the fact that it spoils the wood 

 of the tree for uses as lumber. Digging out the borers is an imprac- 

 tical proposition, since the irregular galleries extend well in toward 

 the heart of the tree. The control measures necessarily are the appli- 

 cation of repellent washes during the breeding season, or some caustic 

 wash applied at frequent enough intervals during the breeding season 

 to destroy the eggs or newly hatched larvae. 



