r 



August, '12] KELLOGG: DISTRIBUTION OF ECTO-PARASITES 357 



no other disease that quite so successfully undermines a man's effi- 

 ciency, his vigor, and good spirits. Victims of malaria whether em- 

 ployed in the orchard or vineyard, or in the wheat field, or at dredging 

 or in construction, are only giving half in return for their wages. The 

 value of real estate is greatly affected. Situations otherwise ideal for 

 permanent house sites or summer homes are made practically uninhab- 

 itable by the presence of this disease. Malaria is always a great draw- 

 back to colonization, — great areas offering the most fertile soil and best 

 of climate, affording otherwise the best of health conditions, are made 

 of little value because of this disease, an infection which can be con- 

 trolled almost absolutely and at a small relative cost. The malaria 

 crusades under the writer's direction during the past year gave protec- 

 tion at the rate of 40 cents a day per s'quare mile, with a reduction of 

 malaria in the first season by approximately 45 per cent. 



Once the real estate booster and colonizer gets the right view point 

 things will change. The writer had to feel much opposition at first 

 from certain classes of people who feared that publicity would do the 

 town an injury. The attitude is changing rapidly so that now many 

 who were once opposed, feel that it is a good advertisement to make 

 known that the town of so-and-so is actively engaged in fighting malaria. 

 And certainly it is, for everybody had already been well informed of 

 the fact that this disease was prevalent there, notwithstanding all 

 statements to the contrary. 



The time will unquestionably come, indeed is already here, when 

 the sanitary officers of a community -^ill be required to have a knowl- 

 edge of insect control, as far as disease carriers such as mosquitos, flies 

 and fleas are concerned. 



DISTRIBUTION OF ECTO-PARASITES 



(Abstract of paper presented by Professor V. L. Ivellogg) 



In this paper Professor Kellogg called attention to some of the inter- 

 esting problems in connection with both the geographic and particu- 

 larly the host distribution of the various insect ecto-parasites of birds 

 and mammals. Specific illustrations of these problems were drawn 

 from the conditions presented by the ]\Iallophaga, a group to which the 

 speaker has given special attention for many years. 



One of the most striking problems in this connection is that of the 

 presence on two or more hosts of absolutely distinct geographic range, 

 of a common ]\Iallophagan species. For example , there are many 

 species of ^lallophaga which are common to European and American 



