310 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY . |Vol. 15 



The larvae form cells in the soil and feed on the plant roots either 

 at the bottom or top of the cell. The movements of the larvae in 

 the soil tend to be vertical and most of the feeding is done between y?. 

 inch and 3 inches below the surface. 



The larvae are positively thigmotropic to roots, stones, sticks or 

 to the bottom or sides of the breeding cages. 



Analysis of the material found in the fore intestines of the larvae 

 indicates that plant tissues constitute about 67.33 per cent by weight 

 of the total material eaten. When this material was examined micro- 

 scopically it was found to be composed of somewhat uniformJy sized 

 pieces of fresh plant tissue, pieces of decayed plants, and particles of 

 soil. The fresh plant tissue, on the basis of the number of pieces, 

 constituted 64.3 per cent of the aggregate. 



Experiments conducted in the laboratory indicate that the mor- 

 tality of the larvae is greatly increased when they are in soil or sub- 

 soil without access to living roots, compared with the mortality occur- 

 ring when they are in a mixture of soil and fresh sod. 



EVLIA MARIANA FERNALD, A NEW APPLE FEEDER IN 

 PENNSYLVANIA AND SOME RELATED FORMS ON APPLE 



By S. W. Frost, State College, Pennsylvania 



This species has not been found as abundant as the red banded leaf- 

 roller, Eulia velutinana Walker which was previously referred to in 

 the Jl. Econ. Ent. Vol. XIII 6, 1920. Although it is not as abundant it has 

 been repeatedly collected, feeding both on the foliage and the fruit of 

 the apple. An insect survey of Pennsylvania made during the summer 

 of 1921 revealed the species in several different counties, indicating that 

 it is well established in this state and that it has apparently become 

 adapted to the apple. EngeP (1908) records it from New Brighton, Pa. 

 He notes that it was rare at that time and found it at rest on trees in 

 the forest. Femald'^ (1882) records it from Maine, Massachusetts and 

 New York as a feeder on Oak. It has also been recorded as a feeder on 

 Blueberry, Vaccinium by Smith^ (1910). The larvae resemble the red 

 banded leaf-roller in appearance, being entirely yellowish green in color 

 and about three quarters of an inch long when full grown. They are 

 similar in habits, the majority winter as pupae and the adults issue in 

 the spring, laying their eggs in m.asses on the trunks and larger branches 

 of the trees. 



Since the original note on Eulia veluUnana Walker, as a pest of 

 apple, it has been found that the species passes the winter as pupae and 



