186 JOURNAL OP ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 1 



sound apples picked for harvest, 4,477 ; wormy apples picked for har- 

 vest, 14; marked by curculio at harvest picking, 21. Thus 98.67% 

 were untouched by either codling; worm or curculio; 99.25% were 

 untouched by codling* worm, and 99.69% were free from codling worm 

 at harvest time. An unsprayed check tree, with a far better record 

 than some others for sound fruit, yielded at the harvest 1,670 sound 

 apples, 347 wormy ones, and 210 marked by curculio. Some of the 

 wormy apples were also marked by curculio, which are not shown in 

 this enumeration. Since the middle of July, this tree dropped 221 

 sound apples, 339 wormy ones and 48 marked by curculio. The sea- 

 son's yield, drops and harvest, gave 25.62% damaged by codling 

 worm and curculio combined; 19% by codling worm alone, and 

 20.77% were wormy at picking time. 



I decided that ordinary Vermorel nozzles with medium caps gave 

 the best spray at 100 pounds pressure, and that the little crooks were 

 of decided advantage in directing the spray; that three sprayings 

 gave better results than two; that the first application just after 

 blooming should be heavy to secure immunity from worm attack ; that 

 in cold, wet seasons, such as the past spring, considerable russeting 

 follows a heavy spraying; that less russeting occurs on fruit sprayed 

 when it is a week or ten days old than when it is yovinger; that rus- 

 seting would probably be reduced by omitting Bordeaux from the 

 first application, using instead arsenate of lead with lime added, but 

 this question needs further testing ; that an application for the second 

 brood should be made by July 15th, or earlier in northern Ohio; that 

 soap, or other stickers, do not appreciably enhance the value of these 

 sprays when used on apples; that at least one pound of iron sulphate 

 can replace one pound of copper sulphate in a 3-6-50 Bordeaux for- 

 mula without injury to foliage or fruit, but I have not yet decided as 

 to whether this mixture is an improvement on the ordinary Bordeaux. 



The variegated cutworm, Peridroma saucia, was quite destructive in 

 some localities, and if conditions are not unfavorable for its develop- 

 ment, it will probably do a large amount of damage the coming year, 

 for it is very plentiful over all northern Ohio. It attracted special 

 notice at Sandusky, where it had attacked gardens, lawns and green- 

 house products. 



The radish maggott, Pegomyia brassicop, was not so destructive as in 

 some former years. I have not made very satisfactory progress 

 against this pest, though I have, through two seasons, tried about all 

 the known remedies. Mr. Geo. E. Hartung of Sandusky, a market 

 gardener, who has suffered much from the insect in former years, re- 

 ports practically no injury this season, and believes his immunity was 



