352 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 1 



there are still many pests which cannot even be suppressed. Chem- 

 icals used for spraying purposes very often act differently under 

 different climatic conditions. Whether this is due to chemical 

 changes in the poisons or to varying pathological conditions seems to 

 be unknown. For example, tests have been made of nearly every 

 brand of arsenate of lead (supposed to be a perfectly safe poison) and 

 in each case, under certain conditions, burning of the foliage has 

 lesulted. If our most perfected remedy cannot be depended upon 

 under all conditions, even when applied by trained men, the great 

 necessity of advancement is readily apparent. This can be assured 

 only by the entrance into business of economic entomologists. 



MUST THE CALYX CUP BE FILLED ?i 



By M. V. Slixgerlaxd, Coniell University 



More than a decade has elapsed since I studied the codling-moth 

 and monographed the then existing knowledge of the insect in Bulle- 

 tin 142 of the Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station. Since then 

 I have closely followed the excellent work done, both in the East and 

 the far West, by which much new information has been gleaned re- 

 garding the life-history and methods of controlling this pest. But I 

 was hardly prepared for the accusations that Eastern entomologists 

 were lax and not up to date in their advice to their constituents, as 

 set forth in the article entitled ' ' Filling the Calyx Cup, ' ' in the June, 

 1908, number of tliis Journal. 



Fortunately I had been making some photographs of the calyx ends 

 of developing apples for my class work Avhen the above article ap- 

 peared. The pictures at A, A, A, A, B and C on the plate well il- 

 lustrate the outer and inner calyx cavities, which are separated by the 

 ring of stamens, with the large fleshy pistil extending up through the 

 center. The bases of these stamens set ver^^ closely together and 

 come up close around the pistil. I was also surprised to find that 

 even after their tips had withered and the calyx lobes had closed in, 

 the stamens remained fresh and plump at the base, and around the 

 pistil, and thus still formed a partition or wall between the two cavi- 

 ties, as shown at C. In fact so tight a barrier did the stamens form 

 between the two cavities that I became a "doubting Thomas" as re- 

 gards the assertions of some entomologists that it was absolutely neces- 

 sary to drench a tree with a spray sufficiently forceful to drive the 



^Contribution from tlie Entomological Laboratory of Cornell University. 



