218 



JOURNAL OP HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 



[ March 13, 1873. 



be removed from this temperature (from GO' to 65' at night), 

 when the flower buds are set and in a forward state, to the 

 greenhouse, and plants thus treated will come into flower 

 before the others not subjected to a forcing temperature. The 

 Camellia should not be forced to open its flowers in the winter ; 

 much lire heat wUl cause the flower buds to drop-off. It is 

 not so well to flower this plant in March, as the flowers do 

 not last long in that month ; sunny days accompanied with 

 the usual drying winds soon destroy the flowers. 



The Cyclamen was also shown in splendid condition. Mr. 

 Goddard, gai-deuer to H. Little, Esq., of Twickenham, an 

 ardent amateur cultivator, has got well ahead of all compe- 

 titors ; his collection is worth a long journey to sec. Many of 

 the varieties raised and cultivated by him have been honoured 

 with first-class certificates from the Royal Horticultural So- 

 ciety. The aim has been to produce new and decided colour's, 

 but in doing this, shape and substance in the petals have not 

 been lost sight of. C. persicum purpureum, exhibited by him 

 more than twelve months ago, is not only new in colour, but it 

 is also a flower of good shape. White Perfection is of snowy 

 whiteness ; the petals are of great substance, and it is one of 

 the most perfect-shaped flowers. In the large coUectiou ex- 

 hibited at this meeting was a flower splendid in colour ; it was 

 of a very bright carmine, but wanting in shape, the segments 

 being too narrow. This plant will no doubt be improved by 

 selection. It is not necessary to say much about culture after 

 the articles which have recently appeared in these pages. All 

 who wish to be successful I advise to keep the plants near the 

 glass, and I find the flowers do not open well when the tem- 

 perature is too low; from 45" to 50' suits them, with the 

 atmosphere moderately dry. ' 



A very prominent feature at the early Shows is the Eoses in 

 pots. Roses are welcome at all seasons, but doubly welcome are 

 they at this time, with the handsome foliage so fresh and green; 

 and the half-opened flowers, so rich and satiny in their different 

 shades of colour, are treasures indeed. But in order to obtain 

 such Roses as those exhibited by Messrs. Veitch on this occa- 

 sion the plants must be well treated, not placed under Vines or 

 under the back wall of a Cucumber house far from the glass in a 

 high temperature, and where the sun's rays seldom faU upon 

 them. If forced lioses are to be grown satisfactorily, the pots 

 must be placed in a house where there is a low temperature to 

 start with — 45' to 50° wiU be quite high enough ; the plants 

 should be as near the glass as possible, and so much the better 

 if the pots can be plunged in a gentle bottom heat, say 85', 

 although this is not absolutely necessary. The temperature 

 of the house may be gradually increased until it reaches 55° 

 or 60° at night. The Rose does not succeed in a high night 

 temperature early in the season, the flowers produced are 

 wanting in colour and flimsy in character. It does very well 

 to force a few pots of Roses in an early vinery if the Roses are 

 introduced at the time the Vines are started, as the syringing 

 which the dormant canes receive just suits the Roses; but 

 when the night temperature of the vinery is over 00°, and Vine 

 leaves are shading the roof, the Roses must be removed to 

 another house, as the shade and high temperature are both 

 injurious to them. Green fly is the most inveterate enemy of 

 forced Roses ; it should be destroyed on its first appearance 

 by fumigating. The " worm i' the bud " also requires a quick 

 eye and a sharp pin to pick it out, otherwise the best buds are 

 sometimes destroyed. As soon as the first buds open remove 

 the plants to the greenhouse, so that the flowers may be 

 prolonged. — J. Douglas. 



He had been gardener to the late John Smith Entwisle, Esq., 

 and his father for many years. He procured the seed of the 

 Pine Apple through Miss Entwisle, who saved it whenever she 

 found any in the Pines at dessert, and the supposition is, that 

 the two sjjlendid Pines are a cross between the Enville and 

 Montserrat. Mr. .Tames Foden, of Lees Street, Accrington, the 

 eldest sou of the late Joseph Foden, I have no doubt could 

 furnish you with all the particulars if applied to. — J. Weight. 



PRINCE ALBERT OR PRINCE ALFRED 

 PINE APPLE. 

 In your issue of February 20th, there is a short article from 

 " J. M. C," respecting what he calls the Prince Albert Pine 

 Apple and its unknown origin. In the first place it is Prince 

 Alfred, and not Prince Albert; and as to its origin, I was 

 personally acquainted with the raiser, having fruited some of 

 the seedlings which were not sold when the others were, and 

 the best two seedlings were Prince Alfred and Ulack Prince. 

 They were very similar in appearance, but Black Prince was 

 the larger and better of the two. They are now quite con- 

 lounded, and which is Black Prince or Prince Alfred I could 

 not say. The first time I saw them they were truly mag- 

 nificent, several of them about 11 lbs. weight. Most of them 

 went to Wales. The name of tho raiser was Mr. Joseph Foden, 

 Foxholes, Rochdale, Lancashire ; he died February 12th, 1857. 



CARRIAGE AND OTHER ROADS AND DRIVES. 

 No. 1. 



Many years before the raO had taken the first place as a 

 medium for travelling, good roads were regarded by an emi- 

 nent geographer as one of the best tokens of a country's pro- 

 gress. As changes in the manner of making roads have been 

 and stiU are going on, it may not be amiss to glance at least 

 at such as relate to carriage roads and other thoroughfares 

 within the sphere of a gardener's operations, in order to guide 

 ourselves under any circumstances which may occur. 



First of all, it must be confessed that although in the pre- 

 sent century much has been done to improve our thoroughfares, 

 there are works yet remaining, executed by the earliest con- 

 querors of Britain, proving that many hundreds of years ago 

 roads of a very substantial character had been formed by them 

 in a way that cannot, even at the present day, bo improved 

 upon, and it is marvellous how they accomplished the arduous 

 task of making these roads with the limited supply of tools 

 they had to work with. Iron and steel were not plentiful in 

 the second and third centuries of the Christian era, and of 

 wheeled carriages there were but few ; yet the causeways of 

 the Romans were of an enduring character, and their waUs 

 and pavements equally so. Although in the present state of 

 things the adoption of the primitive causeway cannot be re- 

 commended, yet there are cases where it may be necessary to 

 resort to it, and in some parts of England these roads still 

 exist, for such, kept up at the expense of rural parishes, are 

 common enough in the north-west ; and although twenty years 

 or more ago they were threatened with destruction by the 

 introduction of what is called the McAdam system, they have 

 since gained favour in high quarters, and are again coming 

 into fashion, as they have been found more economical ; 

 even on the score of general utility they have as many ad- 

 mu-ers as the more smooth and tempting modern highways. 

 The turnpike road from Bolton to Preston was only a few 

 years ago, and I believe is now, one side paved and the other 

 side macadamised, with a division up the middle. The drivers 

 of light vehicles on springs prefer the macadam road, while 

 those of heavy-laden carriages prefer the other ; and in dis- 

 tricts where hard stones have to be brought from a distance, 

 and where softer ones abound, the latter are better adapted for 

 a paved road than for one which is macadamised, and jjaved 

 roads of the latter kind of stone are met with that have done 

 duty, with very little repair, for scores of years. Such roads, 

 however, for ■various reasons, are not to be recommended, ex- 

 cept in special cases where a courtyard or other limited space 

 has to be operated upon. I will, therefore, for the present 

 dismiss them. In no case would I adWse their formation 

 where pebbles from the river or seashore have to be used for 

 the purpose, for nothing is more uncomfortable to walk upon, 

 and their smooth sides and rounded form render them difficult 

 to fix in position, so that they are always getting loose and 

 out of order. Very small pebbles may be better, but the 

 labour of laying them down is too great to allow of their 

 general adoption on a large scale ; consequently, except for 

 water channels and fancy purposes, they cannot be said to 

 come into competition with the more common modes of road- 

 making. 



It would appear that for several centuries subsequent to the 

 Roman evacuation of this country no advance was made 

 in road-making, although bridges were built, and, doubtless, 

 by degrees the mode of making roads as now adopted was 

 established. A few stones thrown into some hollow in a horse 

 track, and the same into the furrows made by wheels, when this 

 mode of locomotion became more common, laid the founda- 

 tion of many a road, the scrub of the forest through which it 

 passed being eventually converted into a fence or hedge. This 

 primitive mode of road-making had, no doubt, also its counter- 

 part in wooden trackways, common in Russia and Canada at 

 the preseut day, where stone is scarce and timber plentiful ; 

 but the value of the latter has risen so much of late years, 



